410. Sauer, P. R., S. L. Free, and S. OD. 
Brown. 1969. Movement of tagged 
black bears in the Adirondacks. N.Y. 
Fish Game J. 16: 205-223. 
Homing and dispersal of black bears 
were trapped from campsites and town 
dumps in New York were studied. Nui- 
sance animals tended to move back in 
the direction from which they were 
transferred, and 22 of 52 bears relo- 
cated returned home. Public education 
on proper refuse disposal or higher 
bear harvests would be more effective 
remedies for bear problems than trap- 
ping and relocating nuisance bears. 
CAMPING, FORESTS, URBAN ZONES, HUMAN 
HEALTH AND SAFETY, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 
BLACK BEAR 
411. Sawyer, L. E. 1979. Maine Audubon So- 
ciety loon survey 1978. Pages 81-99 
in S. A. Sutcliffe, ed. Proceedings 
of the Second North American Confer- 
ence on Common Loon Research and Man- 
agement, 14-16 January 19/79, Syracuse, 
N.Y. Audubon Society of New Hamp- 
shire, Meredith. 
A survey of lakes in Maine provided 
information on loon populations, habi- 
tat alterations, and nest failures. 
Most respondents reported medium to 
heavy lakeshore development; high lev- 
els of development were generally cor- 
related with heavy recreational use by 
boaters. Nest failures were attrib- 
uted most often to fluctuating water 
levels and human disturbance. 
BOATING, TOURISM, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL) , 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, COMMON LOON 
412. Schallenberger, A. 1980. Review of 071 
and gas exploitation impacts on griz- 
zly bears. Pages 271-276 in C. J. 
Martinka and kK. L. McArthur, eds. 
Bears--their biology and management. 
Fourth International Conference’ on 
Bear Research and Management, February 
1977, Kalispell, Mont. Bear Biology 
Association. 
A review of grizzly bear literature 
indicates that exploration and devel- 
opment will be generally detrimental 
to bears. Construction of roads and 
increased use of land by people appear 
to have the greatest impacts. Proce- 
dures to determine and minimize im- 
pacts are described. 
75 
413. 
414. 
Als. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, FORESTS, 
HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, THREATENED AND 
ENDANGERED SPECIES, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 
GRIZZLY BEAR 
Schmid, W. D. 1971. Modification of 
the subnivean microclimate by snowmo- 
biles. Pages 251-255 in A. O. Haugen, 
ed. Proceedings of the Snow and Ice 
in Relation to Wildlife and Recreation 
Symposium, 11-12 February 19/71, Ames, 
Iowa. lowa Cooperative Wildlife Re- 
search Unit, Iowa State University, 
Ames. 280 pp. 
Compaction of snow by snowmobiles al- 
ters the mild subnivean microclimate 
and promotes densification of snow. 
The stress of winter temperatures may 
increase for organisms that live with- 
in or beneath compacted snowfields. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, FORESTS, MAMMALS 
Schmid, W. D. 1972. Snowmobile activ- 
ity, subnivean microclimate and winter 
mortality of small mammals. Bull. 
Ecol. Soc. Am. 53(2):37. (Abstract 
only). 
Compaction of snowfields by snowmo- 
biles alters the mild subsnow micro- 
climate, potentially affecting organ- 
isms that live within or beneath the 
snow by increasing temperature stress 
or restricting movement. Experimental 
manipulation of a snowfield showed 
that winter mortality of small mammals 
was significantly increased by snowmo- 
bile compaction. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, FORESTS, MAMMALS, 
WILDLIFE (GENERAL ) 
Schmidly, D. J., and R. B. Ditton. 1979. 
Assessing human impacts in two Nation- 
al Park areas of western Texas. Pages 
139-152 in R. Ittner, D. R. Potter, J. 
K. Agee, and S. Anschell, eds. Recre- 
ational impact on wildlands. Confer- 
ence proceedings, 2/-29 October 1978, 
Seattle, Wash. U.S. For. Serv. R-6- 
001-1979. 
Recreactional impacts were studied at 
Big Bend National Park and Amistad 
Recreational Area, Texas. Human use 
at designated campsites and effects of 
use on terrestrial rodents and vegeta- 
tion were monitored in riparian habi- 
tats. Present levels of use have had 
