423. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), 
COASTAL ZONES, FLIGHT DISTANCE, PREDA- 
TION, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, 
BROWN PELICAN 
Schreiber, R. W. 1982. 
of the brown pelican. 
(1): 38-42. 
A brown study 
Nat. Hist. 91 
Although brown pelicans are beginning 
to recover from the effects of chemi- 
cal contaminants in the environment, 
human disturbance poses a continuing 
threat. Human visitation to pelican 
colonies causes reduced productivity 
from behavior alterations, exposure of 
young and eggs, and predation by gulls 
and crows. More than 700 brown peli- 
cans die each year in Florida alone by 
becoming entangled in fishing gear. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), FISHING, COASTAL 
ZONES, PREDATION, THREATENED AND ENDAN- 
GERED SPECIES, BROWN PELICAN, GULLS, 
CROWS 
Schreiber, R. W., and R. W. Risebrough. 
1972. Studies of the brown pelican. 
Wilson Bull. 84:119-135. 
From brown pelican studies in Florida, 
ijt was concluded that high levels of 
mortality in pelican colonies accom- 
pany human visitation due to egg 
breakage, predation on eggs and young 
when parents flee from nests, tempera- 
ture stress on eggs and naked young, 
and possible disruption of adult nest- 
ing behavior. The status of brown 
pelicans in the United States is re- 
viewed. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), COASTAL ZONES, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, BROWN 
PELICAN 
Schreiber, R. W., and E. A. Schreiber. 
1973. Florida's brown pelican popula- 
tion: Christmas Bird Count analyses. 
Am. Birds 27: 711-715. 
Analysis of Christmas Bird Count data 
for the brown pelican indicates that a 
stable population of pelicans current- 
ly exists in Florida. However, sever- 
al factors could severely affect this 
stability in a short period of time, 
including human disturbance in nesting 
colonies, mortality caused by fishing 
gear, and disturbance by boat traffic 
at diurnal and nocturnal roosts. 
77 
424, 
425. 
426. 
BOATING, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), FISHING 
COASTAL ZONES, THREATENED AND ENDANGERE! 
SPECIES, BROWN PELICAN 
Schroder, H. 1969. The decline © 
tree-nesting peregrines in the German 
Democratic Republic. Pages 217-224 1 
J. J. Hickey, ed. Peregrine tTalcor 
populations: Their biology and de- 
cline. University of Wisconsin Press. 
Madison. 
By 1964 tree-nesting peregrine falcon: 
in East Germany had declined to 30% o 
their numbers in 1939. The deci ine 
occurred despite a great increase 7! 
food resources and a general decreas: 
jn habitat disturbance and persecutio! 
by man. Measures suggested for the 
protection of remaining peregrines in- 
clude restrictions on recreational ac- 
tivities and active management of nesi 
sites. 
CLIMBING, HARASSMENT, TOURISM, WILDLIFt 
VIEWING, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE- 
CIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, PEREGRINE FALCON 
Schroeder, G. J. 1972. Results of 4 
two-year investigation of the ospreys 
of northern Idaho. M.S. Thesis. Uni- 
versity of Idaho, Moscow. 63 pp. 
Investigations of ospreys in northern 
Idaho determined that human distur- 
bance was not detrimental to ospreys 
overall, although occasional! shootings 
and nesting failures due to distur- 
bance occurred. Recreational boating 
occurring frequently near two osprey 
nests did not’ prevent successfu! 
fledging of young. 
BOATING, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HORSE- 
BACK RIDING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS 
LAKES, RIVERS, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, 
OSPREY 
Schultz, R. D., and J. A. Bailey. 1978. 
Responses of National Park elk to hu- 
man activity. J. Wildl. Manage. 42: 
91-100. 
Responses of elk in Rocky Mountain Na- 
tional Park, Colorado, to human ac- 
tivities were studied in 1974-1975. 
The elk, which experienced little or 
no hunting, were very visible and were 
disturbed little if any by normal on 
road visitor activities. 
