427. 
428. 
429. 
HIKING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FOR- 
ESTS, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, ELK 
Scott-Williams, B. W. 1967. Effects of 
visitor use on the ecosystems of Rocky 
Mountain National Park, Colorado, 
U.S.A. Pages 116-117 in Towards a new 
relationship of man and nature in tem- 
perate lands. Part 1: Ecological im- 
pact of recreation and tourism upon 
temperate environments. IUCN Tenth 
Technical Meeting, 26-30 June 1966, 
Lucerne, Switzerland. IUCN Publ. New 
Ser. 7, Morges, Switzerland. 
Results of visitor impact studies in 
Rocky Mountain National Park, Colora- 
do, are summarized. Much of the in- 
formation is concerned with changes in 
plant communities and landforms, but 
observations of visitor effects on 
wildlife are also noted, Visitors 
have altered the behavior of small 
mammals and birds by feeding them at 
roadside turnouts and parking areas. 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, TOURISM, TUNDRA, FOR- 
ESTS, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, MAMMALS, 
BIRDS 
Servheen, C. W. 1975. Ecology of the 
wintering bald eagles on the Skagit 
River, Washington. M.S. Thesis. Uni- 
versity of Washington, Seattle. 96 
Pp. 
Bald eagle distributions in winter on 
the Skagit River, Washington, were re- 
lated to habitat factors including hu- 
man activity. Eagles initially util- 
ized areas isolated from a road and 
receiving little human use, and only 
when food became less available in 
these areas were areas with more human 
activity utilized. 
HIKING, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), FORESTS, 
RIVERS, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE- 
CIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, BALD EAGLE 
Severinghaus, C. W., and B. F. Tullar. 
1975. Wintering deer versus snowmo- 
biles. Conservationist 29(6):31. 
Potential and observed effects’ of 
snowmobiles on wintering deer are dis- 
cussed. Studies are cited in which 
deer were observed fleeing from ap- 
proaching snowmobiles from as far as 
three quarters of a mile. Energy ex- 
penditure calculations demonstrate the 
78 
430. 
431. 
432. 
danger of snowmobile harassment to 
deer already hard-pressed by winter 
conditions. Snowmobiles should not be 
permitted in deer wintering areas, and 
established trails should be kept at 
Jeast one half mile from such areas. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, FORESTS, 
FLIGHT DISTANCE, RECREATION MANAGEMENT , 
WHITE-TAILED DEER, MULE DEER 
Shea, D. S. 1973. A management-orient- 
ed study of bald eagle concentrations 
jn Glacier National Park. M.S. The- 
sis. University of Montana, Missoula. 
78 pp. 
Observations of bald eagles congregat- 
ing in Glacier National Park, Montana, 
revealed that the greatest threat to 
eagles in the park was disturbance 
caused by park visitors. Management 
recommendations include the protection 
of certain areas from visitor distur- 
bances such as snowmobiling and boat- 
ing, and the establishment of desig- 
nated areas where viewing and _ pho- 
tography can be managed. 
BOATING, HIKING, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, 
LAKES, RIVERS, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, BALD 
EAGLE 
Sheridan, D. 1979. Off-road vehicles 
on public land. Council on Environ- 
mental Quality, Washington, D.C. 84 
pp. 
This report describes off-road recrea- 
tion vehicle use and associated man- 
agement problems. Impacts of vehicle 
use on public lands, including effects 
on wildlife, are discussed and several 
examples are cited. Federal policies 
regarding off-road vehicle use are ex- 
amined, and management recommendations 
are suggested. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, COASTAL 
ZONES, DESERTS, FORESTS, RANGELAND, REC- 
REATION MANAGEMENT, U.S. BLM LANDS, U.S. 
NATIONAL FORESTS, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE 
REFUGES, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Shoesmith, M. W. 1978. Wildlife man- 
agement conflicts in urban Winnipeg. 
Pages 49-57 in C. M. Kirkpatrick, ed. 
Wildlife and people. Proceedings of 
