438. 
439, 
nontechnical article. While pelicans 
are beginning to recover from the ef- 
fects of environmental contaminants, 
human disturbance still threatens the 
Florida populations. Disruption of 
breeding colonies by curious visitors 
and injuries suffered from fishing 
equipment continue to depress pelican 
populations. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
COASTAL ZONES, FISHING, THREATENED AND 
ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGE- 
MENT, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES, 
BROWN PELICAN 
Singer, F. J. 1975. Behavior of moun- 
tain goats, elk, and other wildlife in 
relation to U.S. Highway 2, Glacier 
National Park. Glacier National Park, 
West Glacier, Mont. 96 pp. 
Behavior, habitat use, and disturbance 
of elk, mountain goats, and other 
wildlife were studied in relation to a 
highway in Glacier National Park, Mon- 
tana. Habituation to the highway made 
elk more vulnerable to poaching. 
Mountain goat-human interactions oc- 
curred frequently near a salt lick; 
goat reactions were avoidance of and/ 
or flight from humans. Highway design 
and construction are discussed. 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, TUN- 
DRA, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, ELK, MOUN- 
TAIN GOAT, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Singer, F. J. 1977. Dominance, leader- 
ship, and group cohesion of mountain 
goats at a natural lick, Glacier Na- 
tional Park, Montana. Pages 107-113 
in W. Samuel and W. G, MacGregor, eds. 
Proceedings of the First International 
Mountain Goat Symposium, 19 February 
1977, Kalispell, Mont. Province of 
British Columbia, Ministry of Recrea- 
tion and Conservation, Fish and Wild- 
life Branch. 243 pp. 
Social behavior of mountain goats vis- 
iting a natural mineral lick near a 
highway in Glacier Natioal Park was 
observed. Older animals Jed = most 
group movements; the stress of visi- 
tors and vehicles may have caused 
greater reliance on productive females 
for leadership. Observations suggest- 
ed that goats habituated to traffic 
and visitor disturbances. 
80 
440. 
44. 
442. 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, HARASSMENT, 
TUNDRA, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, MOUNTAIN 
GOAT 
Singer, F. J. 1978. Behavior of moun- 
tain goats in relation to U.S. Highway 
2, Glacier National Park, Montana. J. 
Wildl. Manage. 42:591-597. 
A study was conducted in 1975 on moun- 
tain goats crossing a highway to visit 
a mineral lick in Glacier National 
Park, Montana. Collision hazards and 
high disturbance during crossings sug- 
gested that a goat crossing should be 
constructed and visitors should be re- 
stricted from the crossing area. 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, TUN- 
DRA, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATION- 
AL PARKS, MOUNTAIN GOAT 
Singer, F. J., and S. P. Bratton. 
Black bear/human conflicts in the 
Great Smoky Mountains National Park. 
Pages 137-139 in C. J. Martinka and 
K. L. McArthur, eds. Bears--their bi- 
ology and management. Fourth Inter- 
national Conference on Bear Research 
and Management, February 1977, Kali- 
spell, Mont. Bear Biology Associa- 
tion. 
1980. 
Over 1,000 reports of black bear-human 
incidents in Great Smoky Mountains Na- 
tional Park were evaluated. Improper 
food storage, regulations violations, 
and high levels of visitor use at cer- 
tain campsites, shelters, roads, and 
trails were factors contributing to 
bear-human conflicts. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, FORESTS, HUMAN 
HEALTH AND SAFETY, RECREATION MANAGE- 
MENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, BLACK BEAR 
Skiba, G. T. 1981. Ecological evalua- 
tion of the Dinosaur National Monument 
bighorn sheep herd. M.S. Thesis 
Colorado State University, Fort Col- 
lins. 107 pp. 
Human disturbance is one of several 
factors discussed relating to bighorn 
sheep ecology in Dinosaur National 
Monument, Colorado/Utah. An apparent 
sheep population decline has coincided 
with an increase in whitewater rafting 
through important sheep habitat, but 
observations suggest that sheep are 
not seriously disturbed by people on 
