443. 
444. 
445. 
foot or in rafts. Management recom- 
mendations include considerations for 
location of campsites to minimize 
sheep disturbance. 
BOATING, CAMPING, DESERTS, RIVERS, 
FLIGHT DISTANCE, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, BIGHORN SHEEP 
Sloan, N. F. 1973. Status of breeding 
colonies of white pelicans in_ the 
United States through 1972. In]. 
Bird-Banding News 45:83-96. 
Results of a 1971-1972 comprehensive 
survey of white pelican breeding colo- 
nies are reported. The survey was 
conducted by questionaires mailed to 
ornithologists and refuge managers. 
Human interference of nesting was an 
important factor in breeding success 
at several colonies. A need to reduce 
mortality rates of young pelicans is 
recognized. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), COASTAL ZONES, 
LAKES, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATION- 
AL WILDLIFE REFUGES, WHITE PELICAN 
Smith, E. L. 1981. Effects of canoeing 
on common loon production and survival 
on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, 
Alaska. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State 
University, Fort Collins. 53 pp. 
Impacts of recreational canoeing on 
common loons in Alaska were studied by 
comparing loon production, survival, 
and behavior between lakes receiving 
high and low use. Loon production was 
similar between high and low use 
areas, although changes in loon behav- 
jor due to canoeing were evident. Im 
pacts of canoeing apparently have not 
reached critical levels. 
BOATING, CAMPING, LAKES, U.S. 
WILDLIFE REFUGES, COMMON LOON 
NATIONAL 
Snow, C. 1972. Habitat management ser- 
ies for endangered species, report no. 
1: American peregrine falcon Falco 
peregrinus anatum and Arctic peregrine 
falcon Falco’ peregrinus tundrius. 
U.S. Bur. Land Manage. Tech. Note 167. 
35 pp. 


The distribution, biology, and decline 
of the peregrine falcon in the United 
States is described. Human distur- 
bance is an important factor at some 
446, 
447, 
eyries, especially in the western U.S, 
Rock climbing near eyries during the 
nesting season usually causes falcons 
to abandon nesting activities. Some 
falcons are so sensitive to distur- 
bance that they may not breed if hu- 
mans have been anywhere near their 
eyries. 
CLIMBING, HARASSMENT, RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, U.S. 
BLM LANDS, REVIEW, PEREGRINE FALCON 
Snow, C. 1973. Habitat management ser- 
jes for endangered species, report no. 
5: Southern bald eagle Haliaeetus 
leucocephalus Jeucocephalus and 
northern bald eagle Haliaeetus leuco- 
cephalus alascanus. U.S. Bur. Land 
Manage. Tech. Note 171. 958 pp. 
Biological and management information 
concerning bald eagles in the United 
States is reviewed. Human disturbance 
is discussed as a possible limiting 
factor. Protective measures insti- 
tuted have included the establishment 
of buffer zones around nests within 
which human activities are restricted. 
Recommended management practices in- 
clude the regulation of human recrea- 
tional activities around nests. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
CAMPING, FORESTS, REVIEW, THREATENED AND 
ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGE- 
MENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL 
FORESTS, BALD EAGLE 
Snow, C. 1973. Habitat management ser- 
ies for endangered species, report no. 
6: San Joaquin kit fox Vulpes macro- 
tis mutica, related subspecies and the 
swift fox, Vulpes velox. U.S. Bur. 
Land Manage. Tech. Note 238. 24 pp. 

Status, biology, and habitat factors 
are described for the San Joaquin kit 
fox and the swift fox. In general, 
loss of suitable habitat appears to be 
a limiting factor for the kit fox, 
populations in the Mojave and Colorado 
deserts are seriously affected by hab- 
itat disturbance caused by off-road 
vehicle use. Management recommenda- 
tions include support for research on 
the effects of off-road vehicles on 
kit. fox habitats. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, DESERTS, U.S. BLM 
LANDS, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE 
CIES, REVIEW, KIT FOX, SWIFT FOX 
