448. 
449, 
450. 
Snow, C. 1973. Habitat management ser- 
ies for unique or endangered species, 
report no. 7: Golden eagle Aquila 
chrysaetos. U.S. Bur. Land Manage. 
Tech. Note 239. 52 pp. 
The distribution, life history, and 
habitat requirements of the golden ea- 
gle are reviewed. The tolerance of 
nesting golden eagles to human inter- 
ference appears to vary greatly. Al- 
though populations in the western U.S. 
are currently stable, human pressures 
from increasing development and recre- 
ational use of eagle habitats could 
become a serious factor. Management 
recommendations include the restric- 
tion of human activity in areas of ea- 
gle concentrations during breeding 
periods. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RANGELAND, DES- 
ERTS, FORESTS, REVIEW, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, U.S. BLM LANDS, GOLDEN EAGLE 
Snow, C. 1974. Habitat management ser- 
ies for unique or endangered species, 
report no. 13: Ferruginous hawk Buteo 

regalis. U.S. Bur. Land Manage. Tech. 
Note 255. 23 pp. 
The status, biology, and limiting fac- 
tors of ferruginous hawks on public 
lands are reviewed. Nest desertions 
following human disturbance may be a 
significant factor limiting reproduc- 
tion. Egg collectors and researchers 
have noted that even one visit within 
sight of a nest may cause desertion 
and abandonment of eggs. Human activ- 
ity from resource development and rec~ 
reation may become an important factor 
if it occurs before young’ have 
hatched. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
RANGELAND, DESERTS, RECREATION MANAGE- 
MENT, U.S. BLM LANDS, REVIEW, FERRUGIN- 
OUS HAWK 
Snyder, H. A., and N. F. R. Snyder. 
1974. Increased mortality of Cooper's 
hawks accustomed to man. Condor /6: 
215-216. 
Recovery patterns from 235 banded 
Cooper's hawk nestlings suggest that 
familiarity with man renders a_ hawk 
more likely to die from predation by 
man, especially shooting. Birds with 
frequent exposure to man from banding 
activities or observation from blinds 
82 
451. 
452. 
453. 
were recovered more frequently after 
being killed by humans than birds with 
little exposure to man; such birds ap- 
parently have less fear of humans and 
are more vulnerable to human preda- 
tion. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), PREDATION, 
SEARCH IMPACTS, COOPER'S HAWK 
RE- 
Sojda, R., Jr. 1978. Effects of snow- 
mobile activity on wintering pheasants 
and wetland vegetation in northern Io- 
wa marshes. M.S. Thesis. lowa State 
University, Ames. 7/2 pp. 
Effects of dispersed snowmobile use on 
ring-necked pheasants and marsh vege- 
tation were studied in Iowa. No ef- 
fects of snowmobiling on pheasant 
movements or behavior were found. OQb- 
served vegetation changes did not ap- 
pear to seriously alter wildlife habi- 
tat. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, WETLANDS, RING-NECKED 
PHEASANT 
Sowl, L. W., and J. C. Bartonek. 1974. 
Seabirds—-Alaska's most neglected re- 
source. Trans. N. Am. Wild]. Nat. Re- 
sour. Conf. 39:117-126. 
Actual and potential conflicts of sea- 
bird conservation with other activi- 
ties are described. Among distur- 
bances affecting seabird colonies are 
activities of people in aircraft, 
boats, and on foot. Disturbances of 
cliff-dwelling colonies almost invari- 
ably result in panic flight of adult 
birds, causing loss of eggs and young 
to predators or from accidents. Meth- 
ods and responsibilities of management 
are discussed. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), BOATING, HARASS- 
MENT, COASTAL ZONES, WILDLIFE MANAGE- 
MENT, PREDATION, SEABIRDS 
Speight, M. C. D. 1973. Outdoor recre- 
ation and its ecological effects: A 
bibliography and review. Univ. Col- 
lege London, England, Discuss. Pap. 
Conserv. 4. 35 pp. 
Literature concerning outdoor recrea- 
tion and its ecological effects are 
presented as a bibliography and re- 
view; much European literature is 
cited. The first section reviews eco- 
