454. 
455. 
456. 
logical effects of recreation activi- 
ties, including effects on animals. 
The second section reviews the use of 
ecological data for management of nat- 
ural areas and wildlife. 
BOATING, FISHING, CAMPING, HARASSMENT, 
HIKING, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, PICNICKING, 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, SKIING, TOURISM, WILD- 
LIFE VIEWING, COASTAL ZONES, FORESTS, 
LAKES, RANGELAND, URBAN ZONES, WETLANDS, 
BIBLIOGRAPHY, REVIEW, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Sprunt, A., IV. 1978. Conservation and 
management of wading birds: Introduc- 
tory remarks. Page 61 in A. Sprunt, 
IV., J. C. Ogden, and S. Winckler, 
eds. Wading birds. Nat]. Audubon 
Soc. Res. Rep. 7. 
Threats to wading bird populations in- 
clude loss of wetland habitat, chemi- 
cal pollution of the environment, and 
disturbance of nesting colonies. In- 
creasing affluence and leisure time, 
especially in the United States, are 
respcnsible for greater numbers of 
weekend boaters who disturb bird colo- 
nies through unthinking curiosity, or 
more overtly to photograph birds. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), BOATING, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, WETLANDS, COASTAL ZONES, WILD- 
LIFE MANAGEMENT, WATERBIRDS 
Stace-Smith, R. 1975. The misuse of 
snowmobiles against wildlife in Cana- 
da. Nat. Can. (Ottawa) 4(4):3-8. 
This nontechnical article describes 
the nature and extent of harassment of 
wildlife by snowmobiles in Canada. 
Deliberate harassment is emphasized, 
but unintentional and indirect distur- 
bances of wildlife by recreational 
snowmobiling are also discussed. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, FORESTS, 
RANGELAND, WILDLIFE (GENERAL), COYOTE 
Stalmaster, M. V. 1976. Winter ecology 
and effects of human activity on bald 
eagles in the Nooksack River Valley, 
Washington. M.S. Thesis. Western 
Washington State College, Bellingham. 
100 pp. 
Human disturbance of bald eagles in 
Washington was studied by observation 
and by simulation of human distur- 
bances. Human activity on or near the 
83 
457. 
458. 
459. 
river where eagles roost and feed af- 
fects eagle distributions, and threat- 
ens the population by disturbing and 
displacing eagles and affecting the 
population's food supply. Recommenda- 
tions for management include control 
of boating and other recreational ac- 
tivities within buffer zones around 
nests. 
BOATING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, RIV- 
ERS, FLIGHT DISTANCE, THREATENED AND EN- 
DANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT , 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, BALD EAGLE 
Stalmaster, M. V., and J. R. Newman. 
1978. Behavioral responses of winter- 
ing bald eagles to human activity. J. 
Wildl. Manage. 42:506-513. 
Tolerance of wintering bald eagles in 
Washington to disturbance was determ- 
ined by relating eagle distributions 
to human activity and measuring flight 
distances of eagles from simulated hu- 
man disturbances. Human activity had 
adverse effects on eagle distribution 
and behavior. Management recommenda- 
tions aimed at reducing human-caused 
disturbance are suggested. 
BOATING, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), FORESTS, 
RIVERS, FLIGHT DISTANCE, THREATENED AND 
ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGE- 
MENT, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, BALD EAGLE 
Stebbings, R. E. 19/70. 
Oryx 10:311-312. 
Bats in danger. 
An urgent need to protect bats is de- 
scribed. Declines in almost every 
species of bat in temperate zones 
worldwide can be traced to disturbance 
of hibernating colonies by spelunkers 
and researchers, among other factors. 
Conservation proposals include’ the 
regulation of caving activities to 
minimize disturbance of bats. 
SPELUNKING, HARASSMENT, RESEARCH  IM- 
PACTS, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE- 
CIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, BATS 
Off-road vehi- 
Am. Bi- 
Stebbins, R. C. 1974. 
cles and the fragile desert. 
ol. Teach. 36:294-304. 
Impacts of off-road vehicle use in 
California deserts are described, in- 
cluding threats to wildlife. Specific 
impacts discussed include habitat al- 


