460. 
461. 
teration through destruction of vege- 
tation, soil compaction, noise, pollu- 
tants, and maiming and killing of 
ground-dwelling animals. Mitigation 
methods are discussed. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, DESERIS, PREDATION, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, U.S. BLM LANDS, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, MAM- 
MALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, DESERT TORTOISE, 
FRINGE-TOED LIZARD, DESERT HORNED LIZARD 
Steiner, A. J., and S. P. Leatherman. 
1978. A preliminary study of the en- 
vironmental effects of recreational 
usage on dune and beach ecosystems of 
Assateague Island. Univ. Massachu- 
setts, Amherst, Natl. Park Serv. Coop. 
Res. Unit Rep. 44. 101 pp. 
Field studies evaluated the relation- 
ships between nesting terns and other 
shorebirds and recreational uses of 
beach habitat. Loss of vegetation 
cover and changes in topographic fea- 
tures were also measured. Nesting and 
feeding shorebirds did not appear to 
be affected by human use of the beach. 
An enclosure was used to protect nest- 
ing shorebirds from off-road vehicles. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, TOURISM, 
ZONES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REF- 
UGES, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, WATERBIRDS, 
LEAST TERN 
COASTAL 
Steiner, A. J., and S. P. Leatherman. 
1979. An annotated bibliography of 
the effects of off-road vehicle and 
pedestrian traffic on coastal ecosys- 
tems. Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, 
Natl. Park Serv. Coop. Res. Unit Rep. 
45. 87 pp. 
This bibliography provides an overview 
of the major types of impacts, manage- 
ment strategies, research methods, and 
legislation associated with impacts of 
off-road vehicles and pedestrians in 
coastal zones. Ten subject categories 
are listed, including one on wildlife. 
A list of bibliographies, key word in- 
dex, and author index are included. 
HIKING, TOURISM, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, 
COASTAL ZONES, WETLANDS, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NA- 
TIONAL PARKS, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE 
REFUGES, BIBLIOGRAPHY, WILDLIFE (GENER- 
AL) 
84 
462. 
463. 
464. 
steinhart, P. 1980. Driving out the 
desert. Audubon 82(6): 82-87. 
[his nontechnical article describes 
impacts of off-road vehicles on the 
deserts of California and problems as- 
sociated with regulation of vehicles 
on Federal lands. Impacts on wildlife 
include physical destruction, effects 
of noise, and habitat degradation. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, DESERTS, THREATENED 
AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, U.S. BLM LANDS, WILDLIFE (GEN- 
ERAL ) 
Characteris-~ 
Alaska Dept. 
Project W-017-R-06/WP14/ 
(MIN 507480466). 
Stephenson, R. 0. 1974. 
tics of wolf den sites. 
Fish Game 
JO6/FIN. 29 pp. 
Studies of wolf den site characteris- 
tics in the Brooks Range of Alaska and 
potential effects of human disturbance 
at den sites are discussed. Incidents 
of wolf-human interactions and factors 
important in determining wolf re- 
sponses to humans are noted. It jis 
suggested that in areas where wolves 
are shy of humans, prolonged human 
presence within 3.2 km of dens may af- 
fect wolf behavior and cause den aban- 
donment. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TUNDRA, FLIGHT DIS- 
TANCE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE- 
CIES, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, GRAY WOLF 
stevens, D. R. 1982. Bighorn sheep 
management in Rocky Mountain National 
Park. Proc. Bienn. Conf. North. Wild 
Sheep Goat Counc. 3, in press. 
One objective of bighorn sheep manage- 
ment in Rocky Mountain National Park, 
Colorado, has been to reduce the ef- 
fects of park visitors on sheep. Vis- 
itor use of critical sheep habitats 
has been reduced by trail closures, 
and initial analysis indicates that 
disturbance of sheep has been reduced. 
HIKING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FOR- 
ESTS, TUNDRA, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, BIGHORN SHEEP 
Stieglitz, W. 0., and R. L. Thompson. 
1967. Status and life history of the 
Everglade kite in the United States. 
U.S. Fish Wild]. Serv, Spec. Sci. Rep. 
--Wild]. 109. 21 pp. 
