
466. 
467. 
468. 
The Florida Everglade kite has been 
reduced to a population of about 20 
birds inhabiting freshwater marshes in 
southern Florida. Loss of marshland 
habitat to water developments and oth- 
er land uses is the most serious 
threat to the population; other 
threats include shooting and nesting 
losses due to human disturbance as 
more people seek recreation in_ the 
dwindling marshes of southern Florida. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HARASSMENT, WET- 
LANDS, REVIEW, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES, 
EVERGLADE KITE 
Stokes, A. W. 1970. An ethologist's 
views on managing grizzly bears. Bio- 
Science 20:1154-1157. 
Food shortages and social intolerance 
probably limit bear numbers; removal 
of artificial food sources may cause 
bears to move to campgrounds and dis- 
perse outside park boundaries. Bears 
should be removed from trouble spots 
to unsaturated habitat. 
CAMPING, HIKING, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH 
AND SAFETY, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, THREAT- 
ENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, U.S. NA- 
TIONAL PARKS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Strang, C. A. 1980. Incidence of avian 
predators near people searching for 
waterfowl nests. J. Wildl. Manage. 
44: 220-222. 
On the Clarence Rhode National Wild- 
life Range in Alaska, parasitic Jaeg- 
ers were apparently attracted to wa- 
terfowl nests when people were near. 
Observations are noted of parasitic 
jaegers, long-tailed jaegers, and 
glaucous gulls taking eggs from ex- 
posed nests when people were nearby. 
Methods for estimating nest predation 
without biases caused by human intru- 
sion are discussed. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), WETLANDS, PREDA- 
TION, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES, 
GLAUCOUS GULL, LONG-TAILED JAEGER, PARA- 
SITIC JAEGER, WATERFOWL 
Stuart, T. W. 1977. Multiobjective 
analysis of wilderness travel in griz- 
zly bear habitat using parametric lin- 
ear programming. Ph.D. Diss. Univer- 
sity of California, Berkeley. 252 pp. 
85 
469. 
470. 
4/1. 
Overnight backcountry use of grizzly 
bear habitat in Glacier National Park, 
Montana, was modelled using parametric 
linear programming. This approach had 
theoretical and practical advantages 
over other methods of multiobjective 
analysis. Management objectives con- 
cerning bear-human relationships were 
explored. 
CAMPING, HIKING, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH 
AND SAFETY, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILD- 
LIFE MANAGEMENT, THREATENED AND ENDAN- 
GERED SPECIES, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, 
GRIZZLY BEAR 
Stuart, T. W. 1978. Management models 
for human use of grizzly bear habitat. 
Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. 
Conf. 43:434-441. 
Two backcountry travel management mod- 
els are discussed, incorporating vari- 
ous aspects of human use of grizzly 
bear habitat. Development and poten- 
tial uses of the models are described. 
CAMPING, HIKING, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH 
AND SAFETY, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, U.S. 
NATIONAL FORESTS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Stuart, T. W. 1980. Exploration of op- 
timal backcountry travel patterns in 
grizzly bear habitat. Pages 25-32 in 
C. J. Martinka and K. L. McArthur, 
eds. Bears--their biology and manage- 
ment. Fourth International Conference 
on Bear Research and Management, Feb- 
ruary 1977, Kalispell, Mont. Bear 
Biology Association. 
Trade-offs among backcountry manage~ 
ment objectives were studied for Gla- 
cier National Park, Montana. Two man- 
agement models are presented which 
identify optimal backcountry use for 
various combinations of objectives. 
CAMPING, HIKING, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH 
AND SAFETY, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, U.S. 
NATIONAL PARKS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Sutcliffe, S. A. 1978. Changes in sta- 
tus and factors affecting common loon 
populations in New Hampshire. Trans. 
Northeast Fish Wildl. Conf. 35:219- 
224, 
