483. 
484. 
observer and various other distur- 
bances were noted. The observer ona 
20-foot high observation tower did not 
appear to significantly affect deer 
behavior, Deer response to distur- 
bance was inversely related to its 
regularity. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
FORESTS, FLIGHT DISTANCE, WILDLIFE MAN- 
AGEMENT, U.S. STATE PARKS AND LANDS, 
WHITE-TAILED DEER 
Titus, J. R. 1979. Response of the 
common loon (Gavia immer) to recrea- 
tional pressure in the Boundary Waters 
Canoe Area, northeastern Minnesota. 
Ph.D. Diss. State University of New 
York, Syracuse. 160 pp. 


In this Minnesota recreation area, 
loon pairs in high use areas preduced 
more young than those in low use 
areas. However, while human use ap- 
pears to reduce the breeding success 
of individual pairs in areas of high 
human impact, the size of the adult 
breeding population has increased 35% 
in the last 25 years. The extent to 
which loons may be habituating or 
adapting to human disturbance remains 
unknown. 
BOATING, CAMPING, LAKES, FORESTS, FLIGHT 
DISTANCE, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, U.S. NA- 
TIONAL FORESTS, COMMON LOON 
Titus, J. R., and L. W. VanDruff. 1981. 
Response of the common loon to recrea- 
tional pressure in the Boundary Waters 
Canoe Area, northeastern Minnesota. 
Wildl. Monogr. 79. 59 pp. 
Results are reported of a field study 
to evaluate the impact of outdoor rec- 
reationists on nesting and breeding 
success of the common loon in Minne- 
sota. The authors conclude that human 
use of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area 
slightly reduces the nesting and 
breeding success of loons in high im- 
pact areas, but since some loons are 
undisturbed and others habituate to 
human use the adult breeding popula- 
tion has not declined in the past 25 
years. 
BOATING, CAMPING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FOR- 
ESTS, LAKES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL FOR- 
ESTS 
88 
485. 
486. 
487. 
Tracy, D. M. 1977. Reactions of wild- 
life to human activity along Mount Mc- 
Kinley National Park Road. M.S. The- 
sis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 
260 pp. 
Reactions of 5 species of wildlife to 
human and vehicle activity on the park 
road in McKinley National Park were 
studied. Avoidance was observed for 
some bears, foxes, and possibly cari- 
bou; many other animals were attracted 
to the road. Of the ungulates stud- 
ied, females with young were the most 
easily disturbed. Many animals ap- 
peared habituated to human activities. 
Management recommendations based on 
the study results are presented. 
HARASSMENT, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
FORESTS, TUNDRA, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFE- 
TY, FLIGHT DISTANCE, THREATENED AND EN- 
DANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT , 
U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, CARIBOU, MOOSE, 
DALL SHEEP, GRIZZLY BEAR, RED FOX, GRAY 
WOLF, WOLVERINE, BIRDS 
Trapp, J. L. 1973. Mute swans entan- 
gled in fishing line. Jack-Pine Warb- 
ler 51:91-92. 
Two cases of mute swans becoming en- 
tangled in fishing line are reported 
from Scotland. One swan had a hook 
and line embedded in its mouth; the 
other swan had a line protruding from 
its throat and apparently internally 
embedded. Neither case was fatal. In 
waters that are fished heavily or con- 
tain many snags, lost lines and hooks 
become potential hazards for foraging 
waterfowl. 
FISHING, LAKES, RIVERS, MUTE SWAN, WA- 
TERFOWL 
Trapp, J. L. 1978. Effects of human 
disturbance on a red-faced cormorant 
nesting colony. Pac. Seabird Group 
Bull. 5(2):88. (Abstract only). 
Human disturbance of nesting red-faced 
cormorants was investigated in_ the 
Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Nesting 
success rates and the number of young 
per successful nest were both signifi- 
cantly lower in a disturbed colony 
than in a nearby undisturbed colony. 
Disturbance frightened adult cormor- 
ants from nests, causing increased 
predation of eggs and young by glau- 
cous-winged gulls. 
