488. 
489. 
490. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), COASTAL ZONES, 
PREDATION, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REF- 
UGES, RED-FACED CORMORANT, GLAUCOUS- 
WINGED GULL 
Tremblay, J., and L. N. Ellison. 1979. 
Effects of human disturbance on breed- 
ing of black-crowned night herons. 
Auk 96: 364-369. 
Visits by researchers to black-crowned 
night heron colonies just before or 
during laying resulted in abandonment 
of nests and egg predation. Mortality 
of young was also caused by later dis- 
turbance. Settlement of late-nesting 
herons was apparently discouraged by 
frequent colony visits. Recommenda- 
tions for minimizing effects of intru- 
sion are suggested. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, COASTAL ZONES, PREDA- 
TION, BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON 
Trivelpiece, W., S. Brown, A. Hicks, R. 
Fekete, and N. J. Volkman. 1979. An 
analysis of the distribution and re- 
productive success of the common loon 
in the Adirondack Park, New York. 
Pages 45-55 in S. A, Sutcliffe, ed. 
Proceedings of the Second North Ameri- 
can Conference on Common Loon Research 
and Management, 14-16 January 1979, 
Syracuse, N.Y. Audubon Society of New 
Hampshire, Meredith. 
Studies of the common loon in New York 
revealed that the Adirondack loon pop- 
ulation is low in density but high in 
productivity. Loons appeared to avoid 
human disturbance by selecting seclud- 
ed lakes accessible only by trail, or 
lakes on private land with restricted 
access. The existence of many undis-~ 
turbed lakes in the region is believed 
responsible for the high reproductive 
rates observed. 
BOATING, HIKING, CAMPING, LAKES, RECREA~- 
TION MANAGEMENT, U.S. STATE PARKS AND 
LANDS, COMMON LOON 
Tuttle, M. D. 1979. Status, causes of 
decline, and management of endangered 
gray bats. J. Wildl. Manage. 43:1-17. 
Summer colonies of the endangered gray 
bat were censused and population data 
related to estimated levels of human 
disturbance. A strong association was 
observed between population declines 
89 
491. 
492. 
493. 
and disturbance by people in caves. 
Management requires that both hiberna- 
tion caves and summer caves be protec- 
ted from disturbance; adequate protec- 
tion will require public education to 
be effective. 
SPELUNKING, HARASSMENT, FORESTS, THREAT- 
ENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, GRAY 
BAT 
U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. 
1972. National Parks. Pages 311-335 
in Environmental Quality. 3rd Annual 
Report, Council on Environmental Qual- 
ity, Washington, D.C. 
Environmental problems facing U.S. Na- 
tional Parks are discussed. Heavy 
visitor use and poorly planned devel- 
opments within and adjacent to parks 
are eroding the quality of visitor ex- 
periences and affecting park ecosys-~ 
tems. Feeding of wild animals and ha- 
rassment of wildlife by tourists are 
examples of visitor impacts on wild- 
life compounded by overcrowded condi- 
tions. Proposals for changes in park 
management are discussed. 
CAMPING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, RE- 
VIEW, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, 
WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. 
1974. Off-road vehicles. Pages 20/- 
210 in Environmental Quality. 5th An- 
nual Report, Council on Environmental 
Quality, Washington, D.C. 
The effects of off-road vehicles on 
environmental quality are discussed. 
When misused, off-road vehicles damage 
soils and vegetation, disturb wild- 
life, and destroy wildlife habitat. 
Progress is being made towards regula- 
tion and control of off-road vehicles, 
but usage continues to grow at an un- 
precedented rate and few really effec- 
tive controls have been accomplished. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, DESERTS, RANGELAND, 
FORESTS, REVIEW, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 
Service, Eastern Region. 1977. Final 
environmental impact statement: Off- 
road vehicles, Allegheny National For- 
