503. 
504. 
505. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, TOURISM, FORESTS, DESERTS, 
RANGELAND, FLIGHT DISTANCE, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. BLM LANDS, U.S. NATION- 
AL FORESTS, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, U.S. 
NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES, WILDLIFE 
(GENERAL ) 
Vermeer, K. 1973. Some aspects of the 
nesting requirements of common loons 
in Alberta. Wilson Bull. 85:429-435. 
A significant inverse correlation was 
found between number of breeding loons 
and the amount of human disturbance 
occurring at lakes. It is suggested 
that because loons appear to be intol- 
erant of human disturbance they may 
serve as indicators of the wilderness 
quality of lakes. 
BOATING, CAMPING, TOURISM, LAKES, COMMON 
LOON 
Vincenty, J. A., III. 1974. Special 
wildlife investigations: Study of 
factors affecting nesting raptor pop- 
ulations in urban areas, Sacramento 
County, California--1974. Calif. 
Dept. Fish Game Project W-054-R-06/ 
WPO3/J6.1. 23 pp. (MIN 047580042). 
A study to determine factors affecting 
raptor breeding success in California 
documented fledgling success, distur- 
bances, and nest failures for 53 rap- 
tor nests. Of 10 known nesting fail- 
ures 9 were caused by human distur- 
bance, including construction activi- 
ties, nest robbing, and vandalism. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), URBAN ZONES, KES- 
TREL, BURROWING OWL, RAPTORS 
Vollmer, A. T., B. G. Maza, P. A. Medi- 
ca, F. B. Turner, and S. A. Bamberg. 
1976. The impact of off-road vehicles 
on a desert ecosystem. Environ. Man- 
age. 1:115-129. 
The effects of operating a 4-wheel 
drive truck on a study plot in the Mo- 
jave Desert, California, were evalu- 
ated. Numbers and kinds of rodents in 
control and treated areas were similar 
before and after the experiment. 
Counts of whiptails were also unaf- 
fected, but counts of gridiron-tailed 
(zebratail) lizards were much lower in 
the treated area. 
506. 
507. 
508. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, DESERTS, 
REPTILES, WESTERN WHIPTAIL, 
LIZARD, SIDE-BLOTCHED LIZARD 
RODENTS, 
ZEBRATAIL 
Wagar, J. V. K. 1954, Recreation and 
wildlife problems of the central Rocky 
Mountains. J. For. 52:186-190. 
Recreation based on wildlife resources 
ijn the central Rocky Mountains is dis~- 
cussed in terms of noneconomic value 
to participants. Problems such as 
value mensuration, financing of re- 
search, land ownership, and need for 
development are discussed. 
FORESTS, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, U.S. NA- 
TIONAL FORESTS, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Wall, G., and C. Wright. 1977. The en- 
vironmental impact of outdoor recrea~ 
tion. Univ. Waterloo, Ontario, Dept. 
Geogr. Publ. Ser. ll. 69 pp. 
A comprehensive review of environment- 
al impacts of outdoor recreation is 
presented, including a chapter on 
wildlife impacts. Sections describe 
disturbance of wildlife, loss and gain 
of habitats, and changes in popu- 
lations and species composition. The 
nature and scope of research on wild- 
life impacts are critically evaluated. 
BOATING, CAMPING, HIKING, HARASSMENT, 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, PICNICKING, SWIMMING, 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, REVIEW, WILDLIFE (GEN- 
ERAL) 
Walter, H. 1978. 
tivity on wildlife. 
Impact of human ac- 
Pages 241-262 in 
K. A. Hammond, G. Macinko, and W. B. 
Fairchild, eds. Sourcebook on the en- 
vironment: A guide to the literature. 
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 
111. and London, England. 
Literature concerning human impacts on 
wildlife is reviewed. Effects of hu- 
man population expansion and utiliza- 
tion of energy and resources are em- 
phasized, but nonconsumptive uses are 
also mentioned. Sections discuss gen- 
eral surveys, attitudes toward wild- 
life, changes in wildlife population 
levels, species diversity, and wild- 
life conservation, among others. 
HIKING, URBAN ZONES, REVIEW, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
