509. 
510. 
S11. 
512. 
Wanek, W. J. 1971. Observations on 
snowmobile impact. Minn. Vol. 34 
(199):1-9. 
Preliminary findings of research con- 
cerning environmental impacts of snow- 
mobiles are summarized, including re- 
actions of deer and other animals to 
snowmobile use. Impacts on physical 
environments, soils, and plants are 
also discussed. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, FORESTS, 
(GENERAL), WHITE-TAILED DEER 
WILDLIFE 
Ward, A. L. 1973. Elk behavior in re- 
Jation to multiple uses on the Medi- 
cine Bow National Forest. Proc. Annu. 
Conf. West. Assoc. State Game Fish 
Comm. 53:125-141. 
Elk behavior in relation to multiple 
uses including recreation was studied 
in Wyoming. Elk apparently kept a 
distance of at least 0.8 km from peo- 
ple engaged in camping, hiking, pic- 
nicking, and other out-of-vehicle ac- 
tivities. 
CAMPING, HIKING, PICNICKING, 
U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, ELK 
FORESTS, 
Ward, A. L., J. J. Cupal, A. L. Lea, C. 
A. Oakley, and R. W. Weeks. 1973. 
Elk behavior in relation to cattle 
grazing, forest recreation, and traf- 
fic. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Re- 
sour. Conf. 38:32/7-337. 
Studies of telemetered elk in Wyoming 
revealed that logging and recreation 
roads with moving vehicles had little 
effect on elk movements. Elk prefer- 
red to stay about 0.8 km from people 
who were camping and picnicking. In 
planning recreational facilities in 
elk habitat, efforts should be made to 
keep human concentration areas at 
least 0.8 km from elk feeding sites 
and to provide buffer zones with ade- 
quate cover. 
CAMPING, HIKING, PICNICKING, TOURISM, 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, RANGELAND, 
FLIGHT DISTANCE, RECREATION MANAGEMENT , 
U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, ELK 
Watkins, T. H. 1969. 
on the public lands. 
6-19. 
Infernal machines 
Cry Calif. 4(2): 
513. 
514. 
Environmental degradation caused by 
off-road vehicle use on public lands 
in California is described in this 
nontechnical article. Effects of mo- 
torcycles and other vehicles on wild- 
life are difficult to measure, but the 
California Department of Fish and Game 
is quoted as citing adverse effects 
through harassment of wildlife by in- 
discriminate use of off-road vehicles. 
New policies and laws are required to 
protect public lands from unacceptable 
damage due to off-road vehicle use. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, TOURISM, 
DESERTS, FORESTS, RANGELAND, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, U.S. 
BLM LANDS, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Watson, A. 1979. Bird and mammal num- 
bers in relation to human impact at 
ski lifts on Scottish hills. J. Appl. 
Ecol. 16: 753-764. 
Studies of skiing areas in Scotland 
related numbers of birds and mammals 
to levels of human disturbance in all 
seasons. Spring densities and breed- 
ing success of rock ptarmigan and red 
grouse (willow ptarmigan) did not dif- 
fer between disturbed and undisturbed 
areas; disturbed areas attracted sev- 
eral alien species. 
HIKING, SKIING, TOURISM, TUNDRA, MAM- 
MALS, BIRDS, ROCK PTARMIGAN, WILLOW 
PTARMIGAN 
Watson, A., N. Bayfield, and S. M. 
Moyes. 1970. Research on human pres- 
sures on Scottish mountain’ tundra, 
soils, and animals. Pages 256-266 in 
W. A. Fuller and P. G. Kevan, eds. 
Productivity and conservation in 
northern circumpolar lands. IUCN 
Publ. New Ser. 16, Morges, Switzer- 
land. 
Impacts of human traffic at newly 
constructed ski areas in Scotland are 
reported. Soil erosion and damage to 
vegetation were observed, although 
populations of rock ptarmigan, red 
grouse (willow ptarmigan), and other 
birds were initially unaffected. Less 
daytime use of developed areas by red 
deer was observed. 
HIKING, SKIING, TOURISM, TUNDRA, MAM- 
MALS, BIRDS, RED DEER, ROCK PTARMIGAN, 
WILLOW PTARMIGAN 
