515. 
516. 
517. 
518. 
Weaver, R. A., and J. Hall. 19/71. Big 
game investigations: Bighorn sheep in 
Joshua Tree National Monument and ad- 
jacent areas. Calif. Dept. Fish Game 
Project W-O051-R-16/SP. 56 pp. (MIN 
047180256). 
Factors found to be limiting bighorn 
sheep populations in Joshua Tree Na- 
tional Monument were available water 
and human disturbance. Human presence 
in vehicles or while camping displaces 
sheep from critical watering areas. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, DESERTS, U.S. 
NATIONAL PARKS, BIGHORN SHEEP 
Weber, W. C. 1972. Birds in cities: A 
study of populations, foraging ecology 
and nest-sites of urban birds. M.S. 
Thesis. University of British Colum- 
bia, Vancouver. 2 vols., 269 pp. 
Results are reported of an ecological 
study of urban birds in Vancouver, 
British Columbia, Ottawa, Ontario, and 
Sacramento, California. Bird densi- 
ties decreased with increasing urbani- 
zation, but were much higher than in 
nhonurban habitats during winter. 
Near-ground nests were almost entirely 
absent, probably due to cat predation 
and human disturbances. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HARASSMENT, WILD- 
LIFE VIEWING, URBAN ZONES, WILDLIFE MAN- 
AGEMENT, BIRDS 
Weeden, R. 1976. Nonconsumptive users: 
A myth. Alaska Conserv. Rev. L73}¢3, 
Las, 
Several examples of adverse impacts on 
wildlife from recreationists and sci- 
entists are cited to support the con- 
tention that nonconsumptive users of 
wildlife do not exist. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), SWIMMING, WILD- 
LIFE VIEWING, RESEARCH IMPACTS, WILDLIFE 
(GENERAL ) 
Wehausen, J. D., L. L. Hicks, D. P. Gar- 
ber, and J. Elder. 1977. Bighorn 
sheep management in the Sierra Nevada. 
Trans. Desert Bighorn Counc. 21:30-32. 
Bighorn sheep in the Sierra Nevada 
have recently been managed based on 
the hypothesis that human disturbance 
has had a significant adverse influ- 
O19. 
520. 
521. 
ence on their population. Subsequent 
fieldwork indicating that human dis- 
turbance was not an important factor 
has led to management revisions. How- 
ever, caution is still advised due to 
the unknown effects of increased human 
disturbance and other factors. 
CAMPING, CLIMBING, HIKING, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, FORESTS, TUNDRA, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, BIG- 
HORN SHEEP 
White, P. S., and S. P. 
After preservation: Philosophical and 
practical problems of change. Biol. 
Conserv. 18: 241-255. 
Bratton. 1980. 
Following protection of natural areas, 
natural and human-caused changes con- 
tinue to affect species and ecosys~ 
tems. Direct and indirect human dis- 
turbances are the greatest threats to 
protected lands; management is ren 
quired to protect natural reserves 
from overuse. Major management issues 
in Great Smoky Mountains National Park 
are discussed, including ecological 
damage due to visitor pressure. 
HIKING, CAMPING, SWIMMING, FISHING, 
TOURISM, FORESTS, LAKES, RIVERS, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, 
WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Whitlock, S. C. 1950. 
as a predator of man. 
135-138. 
The black bear 
J. Mammal. 31: 
The author provides eyewitness ac- 
counts of an apparently unprovoked 
black bear attack on a small child in 
northern Michigan. The bear carried a 
three-year-old girl from the porch of 
a remote cabin into nearby woods, 
killed her, and devoured portions of 
the body. The bear was shot soon af- 
terwards and appeared physiologically 
normal, except for lack of any fat and 
pronounced thinness. Apparently it 
was driven by hunger to prey on the 
child. 
FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, BLACK 
BEAR 
Wilbur, S. R. 1974. The literature of 
the California least tern. U.S. Fish 
Wild]. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep.--Wild]. 
175. 18 pp. 
