922. 
23% 
Literature concerning the endangered 
California least tern is reviewed. 
Human disturbance of breeding terns 
and alteration of beach habitat have 
been primarily responsible for the 
continuing decline of the species. 
Construction of summer homes and cot~ 
tages, use of beaches for recreation, 
and development of nearshore areas 
have caused many colonies to disappear 
and profoundly influenced remaining 
colonies. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), TOURISM, SWIM- 
MING, COASTAL ZONES, URBAN ZONES, RE- 
VIEW, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, CALIFORNIA LEAST 
TERN 
Wilbur, S. R. 1978. The California 
condor, 1966-76: A look at its past 
and future. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. N. 
Am. Fauna 72. 136 pp. 
Studies of the California condor from 
1966 to 1976 revealed information on 
the distribution, status, and reasons 
for decline of the critically endan- 
gered condor. Reactions of condors to 
human disturbance are described as 
they involve flying, roosting, feed- 
ing, and nesting behavior. A recovery 
plan in operation is described calling 
for the protection of surviving birds 
from man-caused mortality and distur- 
bance as well as other steps to reduce 
mortality and promote a stable condor 
population. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HARASSMENT, WILD- 
LIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, DESERTS, RANGE- 
LAND, FLIGHT DISTANCE, THREATENED AND 
ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGE- 
MENT, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, CALIFORNIA 
CONDOR 
Wilbur, S. R., W. D. Carrier, B. K. Mul- 
downey, R. D. Mallette, J. C. Borne- 
man, and W. H. Radtkey. 1974. Cali- 
fornia condor recovery plan. U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, 
D.C. 63 pp. 
Former and current status, reasons for 
decline in numbers, habitat require- 
ments, and biology of the endangered 
California condor are presented. A 
detailed management plan for the re- 
covery of the species is outlined. A 
basic requirement for nesting sites is 
protection from human encroachment ; 
disturbance may cause condors to avoid 
95 
924, 
529. 
526. 
otherwise suitable habitat, or induce 
nest failure. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HIKING, DESERTS, 
RANGELAND, FLIGHT DISTANCE, THREATENED 
AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, WILDLIFE MANAGE- 
MENT, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, CALIFORNIA 
CONDOR 
Wilkes, B. 1977. The myth of the non- 
consumptive user. Can. Field-Nat. 
91: 343-349. 
The concept that some outdoor recrea- 
tion activities are nonconsumptive of 
the resource base is examined and re- 
jected. Impacts of such activities on 
vegetation, wildlife, and the quality 
of the environment are noted. User 
restrictions, a proposed theory for 
non-use planning, and justification 
for landscape preservation are dis- 
cussed. 
BOATING, CAMPING, HIKING, OFF-ROAD VEHI- 
CLES, PICNICKING, SWIMMING, TOURISM, 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
CANADIAN NATIONAL PARKS, CANADIAN PRO- 
VINCIAL PARKS, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Williams, L. E., Jr., D. H. Austin, T. 
E. Peoples, and R. W. Phillips. 19/1. 
Laying data and nesting behavior of 
wild turkeys. Proc. Annu. Conf. 
Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 25: 
90-106. 
Effects of human disturbance on nest- 
ing turkeys were noted during studies 
in Florida. Seven nests were deserted 
after the hens were flushed by inves~ 
tigators; 4 other recorded flushes did 
not result in nest desertion. The au- 
thors believe the disturbance they 
caused would be greater than that ex- 
erted normally by fishermen or hikers, 
although disturbance of turkeys and 
other wildlife is an increasingly im- 
portant concern for resource managers. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
FORESTS, FISHING, FLIGHT DISTANCE, U.S. 
STATE PARKS AND LANDS, TURKEY 
Wilson, L. 0. 1969. The forgotten des- 
ert bighorn habitat requirement. 
Trans. Desert Bighorn Counc. 13: 108- 
Tis. 
An important but often-neglected habi- 
tat requirement of bighorn sheep 1s 
