areas. Generally non-hunting States and the West-CMU 
tier of States had the lowest direct recovery rates (0.6 to 
1.2%); South Dakota, Kansas, and Oklahoma had mid- 
range direct recovery rates (1.7 to 2.0%), whereas Missouri, 
Arkansas, and North and South Texas were relatively high 
(2.1 to 4.5%). 
Survival estimates varied among reference areas (Tables 
A-72 to A-74). Because of the wide confidence intervals, 
individual estimates should be used cautiously. Most con- 
fidence intervals for survival estimates among States over- 
lap and the true value could theoretically be the same for 
most States (Fig. 22), The data indicate a likelihood that 
survival rates of adult doves banded in Arkansas, Okla- 
homa, Missouri, and North and South Texas were lower 
than the remaining areas in the CMU (Table A-72). 
Hunting vs. non-hunting States. — Survival rates of adult 
doves (Table A-72) banded in CMU States that allowed 
hunting were compared with those that did not. North 
Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Iowa were non-hunting 
States; Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Okla- 
homa, Arkansas, North Texas, and South Texas were hunt- 
ing States. Survival rates for Montana (non-hunting) and 
Wyoming (hunting) were not calculated because of insuf- 
ficient recoveries. South Dakota was omitted as it reflected 
both hunting and non-hunting status. 
The average survival of adult mourning doves from pro- 
gram ESTIMATE was 58.1% in non-hunting States and 
48.8% in hunting States (Table A-76). These estimates were 
subjected to a Z-test and the difference was significant 
(P < 0.05). 
Similar procedures were followed using survival rates of 
adults and immatures from program BROWNIE (Tables A-73 
and A-74). Data from North Dakota (non-hunting) and 
Oklahoma (hunting) were excluded (in addition to that 
from Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota) because of 
insufficient recoveries. This loss of data was offset by the 
gain of an additional age cohort for comparison. 
The average survival of adult doves was 58.1% in non- 
hunting States and 50.2% in hunting States and the aver- 
age survival of immature doves was 52.9 and 40.2% in non- 
hunting and hunting States, respectively (Table A-76). The 
differences were significant (P < 0.05). 
No attempt was made to correlate recovery rates with 
survival rates. When using data sets from different areas, 
the estimated survival rates should not be regressed with 
the estimated recovery rates because for each area the two 
estimates utilize the same data and therefore are not inde- 
pendent. Making such a direct comparison is a common 
tendency but is invalid (Anderson and Burnham 1976; 
Brownie et al. 1978), 
These data suggest that mourning doves in non-hunting 
States have a higher survival rate than doves in hunting 
States. A similar conclusion was reported in the EMU by 
Hayne (1975). However, this conclusion may be mislead- 
ing as the data may indicate geographic differences, such 
as north versus south, rather than differences in hunting 
practices. 
3l 
New Mexico eo 
lowa ——_—_— 
Nebraska ——__}+___ 
Colorado —|—. 
Minnesota —;— 
South Dakota -—f— Adults 
Kansas —_— 
South Texas® —_|— 
North Texas* —- 
Missouri —_|— 
Arkansas ———f+— 
Nebraska i 
lowa ef 
New Mexico —— | —____ 
Colorado ——_{___ 
Kansas == =} 
North Texas® —_+—_ Imma tures 
South Dakota ——|—— 
South Texas® —_—___ 
Minnesota ——_}—— 
Arkansas ——_+—_. 
Missouri — f— 
rm gle a lle clleel lr att ol 
0 10 20 30 »=40 50 ~—s«60 70 80 90° 100 
(%) 
“1968-74. 
Fig. 22. Estimated survival rates of adult and immature mourn- 
ing doves banded in the Central Management Unit, 1967-74. 
Temporal Differences 
Variations in survival and recovery rates among years 
were determined from data provided from program EsTI- 
MATE, The goodness of fit test for Model 3 is synonymous 
with the test of the hypothesis that survival and recovery 
rates are constant. Chi-square tests of data for adult males, 
females, and both sexes combined were computed (Table 
A-77). Each composite test statistic indicated a rejection 
of the null hypothesis (P < 0.01). Therefore, survival and 
recovery rates were not constant from year to year. 
Another facet within program ESTIMATE tests the 
hypothesis that direct recovery rates are constant among 
years. Chi-square tests of data for adult males, females, and 
both sexes combined were computed (Table A-78). Each 
composite test statistic indicated a rejection of the null 
hypothesis (P < 0.01). Therefore, direct recovery rates were 
not constant from year to year. 
Testing for temporal variations in survival rates required 
a complex hypothesis (Anderson 1975). The hypothesis that 
recovery rates vary from year to year but survival is con- 
