48 
THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN 
THE PROGRESS OF SPRAYING. 
Time was when spraying was an experiment. This stage 
has long since been passed. It is now an accepted practice, as 
tillage, pruning, and fertilizing are. It may not be absolutely 
necessary to spray every year, but the farmer, fruit grower and 
nurseryman should be prepared to spray every year. The 
true way to look upon spraying is to regard it in the light of an 
insurance. We spray to ensure our crops against injury from 
parasitic disease and insect enemy. The fruit grower cannot 
foretell the advent of these enemies, but he should guard 
against them, and this is done by spraying. 
Success in spraying is dependent upon the exercise of judg¬ 
ment, and upon the thoroughness and timeliness of the ap¬ 
plication. The sprayer should know what he sprays for. He 
should recognize the enemy and know what remedy is most 
effective, and when it should be applied. Promptness, thor¬ 
oughness, and persistency are the watchwords and the price of 
success. 
Practically every fruit growing state in the Union has, 
through its experiment station, published rules and formulae 
for spraying. These are all available to the respective resi¬ 
THE LEADING FUNGICIDES AND INSECTICIDES. 
The following formulas for spraying are adapted from Bulletin 217, 
Cornell University. 
FOR INSECTS THAT CHEW. 
Paris Green. 
Paris Green.. 1 pound 
Water. 75-250 gallons 
If this mixture is to be used upon fruit trees 1 pound of quick lime 
should be added. Repeated applications will injure most foliage, unless 
the lime is used. Paris green and Bordeaux mixture are applied together 
with perfect safety. Use at the rate of 4 to 12 ounces of the arsenite to 
50 gallons of the mixture. It is sometimes used as strong as 1 pound 
to 50 gallons, but this is usually unsafe and generally unnecesssary. 
The action of neither is weakened, and the Paris green loses its caustic 
properties. For insects that chew. 
White Arsenic. 
White arsenic being cheaper and of more constant strength than Paris 
green, is becoming increasingly popular as an insecticide. It may be 
safely used with Bordeaux mixture, or separately if directions as to its 
preparation are carefully followed; if, however, these are neglected 
injury to foliage will result. The following methods of preparation will 
be found to be satisfactory. It is unwise to use white arsenic without 
soda or lime. Methods number one and two are recommended as the 
least likely to cause injury. 
I. Arsenite of Soda for Bordeaux Mixture. —To a solution of four 
pounds salsoda crystals in one gallon of water, add one pound of wdiite 
arsenic and boil until dissolved. Add water to replace any boiled 
away, so that one gallon of stock solution of arsenic of soda is the result. 
Use one pint of this stock solution to fifty gallons of Bordeaux. 
II. Arsenite of Lime. —(a) If used alone (not in connection with 
Bordeaux) white arsenic should be prepared thus:—To a solution of one 
pound of salsoda crystals in a gallon of water, add one pound of white 
arsenic and boil until dissolved. Then add two pounds of fresh slaked 
lime and boil twenty minutes. Add water to make two gallons of stock 
solution. Use one quart of this stock solution to fifty gallons of water. 
(b) Boil one pound of white arsenic in two gallons of water for one 
half hour and use the solution while hot to slake two pounds of good, 
fresh, quick-lime. Add water to make two gallons of stock solution and 
use one quart of this to fifty gallons of water or Bordeaux mixture. 
Arsenate of Lead or “Disparene” can be applied in large quantities 
without injury to the foliage; hence it is very useful against beetles and 
similar insects that are hard to poison. It also adheres to the foliage a 
dents of the states. In addition, the Department of Agri¬ 
culture has published a vast amount of literature on this sub¬ 
ject. This is also available to persons who are interested. 
In this issue we are offering the nurserymen a good deal of 
information on inspection laws, on spraying formulas, and 
upon spraying machinery. The formulas offered below are the 
leading ones now recommended by those who have studied 
the subject most carefully. 
One of the striking advances in spraying is the introduction 
and increasing popularity of the sulphur washes. Directions 
are given for the preparation of these. The newer spraying 
remedies are also discussed in the light of such experience as 
we have had up to date. 
As to pumps: We believe in plenty of power. The best 
spray is a fine misty vaporous spray. This is secured by high 
pressure. For areas of any considerable extent it pays to buy 
some form of a power pump. Consult our advertising pages 
for the most desirable type. Buy a well made pump with 
good brass or non-corrosible working parts. It is economy 
in the long run. 
long time. Use in strengths varying from 1 to 4 pounds to 50 gallons 
of water. Ready for use as soon as the paste is stirred in the water. 
FOR INSECTS THAT SUCK. 
Kerosene Emulsion. 
Hard, soft or whale oil soap. \ pound 
Boiling soft water.1 gallon 
Kerosene.2 gallons 
Dissolve the soap in the water, add the kerosene, and churn with a 
pump for 5 to 10 minutes. Dilute 4 to 10 times before applying. Use 
strong emulsion for all scale insects. For such insects as plant-lice, 
mealy-bugs, red spider, thrips, weaker preparations will prove effective. 
Cabbage-worms, currant-worms and all insects which have soft bodies, 
can also be successfully treated. It is advisable to make the emulsion 
shortly before it is used. For San Jos6 scale it is recommended to use 
1 pound of whale oil soap and dilute in proportion to one quart to six of 
water. Especially effective in summer to kill the young and tender lice. 
Tobacco Water. 
This solution may be prepared by placing tobacco stems in a water¬ 
tight vessel, and then covering them with hot water. Allow to stand 
several hours, dilute the liquor from 3 to 5 times and apply. For soft 
bodied insects. 
Whale Oil Soap. 
Dissolve in hot water if wanted quickly. For use on dormant trees. 
For San Jose scale dilute 2 pounds to 1 gallon of water; for summer use 
on scale or aphis 1 pound to 5 to 7 gallons of water. 
FOR FUNGOUS DISEASES. 
Normal or 1.6 Per Cent. Bordeaux Mixture. 
Copper sulfate (Blue vitriol). 6 pounds 
Quick-lime (Good stone lime). 4 pounds j 
Water..'.50 gallons 
For peaches and Japanese plums, an extra amount of lime should be 
added, and more water (60 to 70 gallons) should be used. 
Six pounds of sulfate of copper dissolved in 50 gallons of water, when 
applied at the proper time, will prevent the growth of fungi. However, 
if applied in this form, the solution will burn the foliage. Four pounds 
of quick-lime in six pounds of copper will neutralize the caustic action. 
When sulfate of copper and lime are added in this proportion, the com¬ 
pound is Bordeaux mixture. 
