28 
THE NATIONAL NURSERYMAN 
the process of slow and gradual adaptation through seedling 
production. So hardiness was secured. 
But the Middle West wanted an apple that did not blight; 
and here again the Russian failed. The rich drift and loose 
soils alike promote rapid growth favorable to the develop¬ 
ment of the microbe of blight and the Russians succumbed 
e\en more rapidly than their less vigorous relatives of New 
England and the East. Here again was disappointment. 
But Professor Budd’s faith never wavered. He had studied. 
He had visited Russia, seen the trees and fruit, but failed to 
realize that different environments will bring forth widely 
divergent results. 
Again the quality of the fruit has been a sore disappointment 
to many who at first were pro-russian in sympathy. As a 
rule this group of fruits excel in high color and handsome ap¬ 
pearance but are low in quality. 
Inability on the part of Mr. Budd to see and admit the 
weak points of these fruits coupled with his unceasing ad¬ 
vocacy aroused antagonism and active opposition. Two 
parties grew up in the West. One pro-russian, the other 
anti-russian and many and bitter controversial passages 
occurred. Most regrettable personal enmities arose greatly 
retarding true pomological progress. Of recent years the 
discussion has weakened. Advancing years and withdrawal 
from the chair of horticulture subtracted something from 
the vigor and affectiveness of the champion’s pen. But to 
the last he was optimistic and confident of the ultimate 
triumph of the cause which he labored for. 
Whatever a man’s failings are we should remember his 
virtues. Joseph L. Budd was first a school teacher, then a 
nurseryman, and finally the incumbent of one of the first 
chairs of horticulture in the United States. In this position 
his optimism and never failing enthusiasm were always 
dominant. As a teacher these qualities were preeminent. 
In this way he inspired many young men and was the means 
of adding them to the ranks of the horticultural teachers and 
investigators of the country. Peace to his ashes and may the 
years coming swiftly upon us, not fail to render due recogni¬ 
tion for the good received from the life work of this man, who 
labored so faithfully in the interest of prairie horticulture. 
CALIFORNIA WINE MAKING. 
In 1894 the production was 16,000,090 gallons and the price of 
grapes $7-$9 per ton. 
In 1902 the production was 40,000,000 gallons (largest to date.) 
In 1894 the price for cellar lots was 7-9 cents a gallon. 
In 1903 the price for cellar lots was 19-20 cents a gallon. 
In 1902 the price of grapes was $24-$30 a ton (highest in late years.) 
CIVIC IMPROVEMENT. 
The action of the City of Los Angeles, California, in endeavoring 
to convert what is now a tract of 3,000 acres of brush land into a com¬ 
mercial forest, illustrates the trend of public opinion and policy as 
regards forestry as an investment for labor and capital. The work 
of exploiting this city forest is to be directed by the Bureau of Forestry, 
1\ ashington, D. C. The land to be devoted to the prospect is now 
practically waste land. So that it will be making an asset for the city 
out of a tract ol land which is now sterile and unproductive. 
North Bohemia is to hold an industrial exposition in 1906. It will 
occur in the city ol Reichenberg and will continue from May until 
October. All branches of Bohemian industry, manufacturing, agri¬ 
culture, forestry and art will be represented in comprehensive exhibits 
such as have never belore been assembled. Foreign exhibits will be 
given a place if space is available. 
INTERESTING IMPRESSIONS OF EUROPEAN 
NURSERIES. 
BY A LONG ISLAND NURSERYMAN. 
Editor National Nurseryman: 
Replying to your kind request regarding my trip to Europe, 
I will say that I w r as very much interested in visiting the Con¬ 
tinental horticulturists, especially those of France, Germany 
and Holland. I was interested solely in that part of horti¬ 
culture pertaining to ornamental trees and shrubs and hardy 
fruits. 
I found the nurseries of Europe generally, much better 
conducted than the average nursery of America. This per¬ 
haps may be owing to the cheapness and abundance of skilled 
labor, and in this I think that the European nurseryman has a 
decided advantage over the American, who frequently lias to 
trust his work to the tender mercies of beginners in the busi¬ 
ness who have but little knowledge of plant culture. 
I was particularly impressed with the nurseries near Paris, 
and it seems to me as if the French horticulturists lead the 
balance of the world, particularly in the growing of trained 
trees and shrubs of all sorts. In several of the nurseries 
which I visited near Paris, I found enormous stocks of fruit 
trees trained in various novel, old, as well as practical shapes. 
For instance: fruit trees of nearly all kinds were trained in the 
form called by the French “Espallier,” which somewhat re¬ 
sembles the manner of training grape vines and enables the 
trees to be grown against walls, the same as vines, thus oc¬ 
cupying limited areas of air space and enabling the culturist to 
produce fruits where the greatest economy of space is neces¬ 
sary. Fortunately for me, while in France, the nectarines, 
peaches, plums, pears and apples were bearing one of the 
finest crops of fruit that had been known for a number of 
years and I saw the French orchards in the pink of condition. I 
This was true of small fruits and grapes and both my son and 
myself revelled in the most delicious varieties of fruit known 
to the modern fruit culturist. 
I also found the French horticulturist even as good as his 
fruits and was royally entertained wherever I visited, and 
shown the greatest consideration by all connected with the j| 
various establishments. And it gives me the greatest pleas¬ 
ure to further say in general that I have never been more 
courteously received, or more hospitably entertained during 
my travelling experience than by the horticulturists of France 
Germany and Holland. 
In Germany the methods of culture resembled more nearly 
that of America. There was less attention given to the 
training of fruit trees into the odd shapes produced in France; 
but the German nurserymen give their stock exceptionally 
good culture. Their climatic conditions perhaps were not as 
favorable as those of France, but it seemed to me as if they 
were making the most of their opportunities. 
In Holland—especially in the nursery districts in the 
neighborhood of Boskoop and Haarlem—I w r as particularly I 
impressed with the enormous quantity of material which was 
produced upon the small space of land available to the aver- 1 
age Holland nurseryman. I believe that intensive culture 
as practiced here reaches its climax and I cannot see how it ‘ 
would be possible to grow anything more upon the ground 
than is grown in the average Holland nursery. Strawberries, 
