CLANIA CRAMERI. 57 

The winter is passed probably in the larval or semi-pupal 
state. Perfect pupz are to be found within the twig cases 
in April of the year succeeding that in which the defoliation 
takes place. 
The moth appears in June. It is probable that only the 
male moth is to be found on the wing in the forest, the ¢’s 
of this family being wingless insects never quitting the twig 
case in which, after being fertilised by the male, they lay their 
.eggs. | 
Plate II, fig. 2, 6, shows the case made by the larva with 
the pupal case of the male protruding from it, the insect 
having escaped ; fig. 2, c, the ¢ moth. 
Area from which reported. 
This insect was reported from the Jaunsar forests in the 
North-Western Provinces in 1808. 
Hampson in the Fauna of British India gives Ceylon as fe 
habitat. 
Relations to the Forest. 
This insect occasionally does a large amount of damage to 
Pinus longifolia by stripping the trees of their needles. 
It is apparently to be found to a greater or less extent 
every year in forests consisting of this tree, but in 1898 it was 
particularly numerous, doing a vast amount of damage to trees 
of all ages. 
Points in the life history requiring further observation. 
1. Where the eggs are laid. It will probably be found 
- that they are laid by the wingless female moth 
5 within her pupal case inside the twig case made by 
the larva. . 
2, Where the larva hangs up or fixes its twig case before 
changing to the pupal state. This is important 
since on it depends to a great extent the fact as to 
whether any remedies are possible in nurseries and 
plantations in which this pest might appear plentifully. 
3. The exact stage within the twig case in which the 
insect passes through the winter, Is it the larval, 
semipupal or pupal stage ? 

