126 YPSOLOPHUS SP. 

of the dead flowers of the tree. The ends of the whippy 
branches were often entirely enclosed by this silk, and the 
leaves were then either partially or entirely defoliated. An 
examination of some of these branches showed numbers of small 
larve feeding upon the leaves. In some cases, the larve were 
full fed and were then to be found in twos and threes, either 
between two leaves bound together by silk threads or amongs¢ 
the dead and shrivelled up calyces of the inflorescences which 
were interwoven into the silken meshes, The larve are parti- 
ally gregarious since they bind up two or three leaves together, 
fastening them so as to form a small tent, the upper surfaces 
of the leaves being outermost. Within this small shelter 
several larve may be found living and feeding together. They 
usually eat the underside of the leaf leaving the upper epi- 
dermis intact ; this shrivels up into a brown, wrinkled, papery 
substance which remains boundup in the webs. When the larvee 
have finished the leaf tissue within their small tent, they vacate it 
and proceed to fresh leaves. In the course of these wanderings 
enormous quantities of silk are spun by the grubs, festooning the 
trees more especially in the lower halves of their crowns, 
though at times the silk could be seen covering the summits of 
the trees as well. The Bari Doab Canal, which runs through 
the Changa Manga plantation, presented a remarkable sight. 
Great silken streamers, 20 to 30 feet in length, hung across the 
canal from the branches of the trees on either side. The ends of 
the branches themselves were woven up in a (in many cases) 
complete net of silken strands which entirely enveloped all the 
branchlets and leaves, Garlands went from branch to branch, 
and tree was festooned to tree along the banks in a remarkable 
manner. The almost horizontal rays of a setting sun gave the 
scene a most bizarre effect and showed, as no other play of 
light could have done, the seriousness of the attack. When 
the smallness of the caterpillar is taken into consideration 
it becomes evident that millions and millions must have been 
present to have produced this enormous amount of silk, 
The larve change into the pupal state about the end of 
April, spinning a flimsy silken net-work across the inside of a 
leaf or two thereby drawing the edges together. Within this 
