236 POLYGRAPHUS MAFOR, MS. 
will bore into the sapwood to make its pupal chamber. This 
latter is occasionally merely a saucer-shaped indentation in the 
wood and not bored right in, but the latter is the most usual. 
I have never as yet found more than two beetles in any one 
gallery or set of galleries. When the 9? has finished egg-laying, 
she bores a short off-shoot gallery off the egg gallery at the end 
of which she dies or the egg gallery may be prolonged, the end 
portion, at the head of which she dies, containing no inden- 
tations for eggs. In the smaller branches the beetle bores 
much deeper andthe egg galleries are usually much longer. 
The insect hibernates through the winter either as a larva or 
perfect beetle. 
felattons to the Forest. 
This Polygraphus, whilst assisting the Blue Pine Tomicus in 
its attacks upon the older trees in the forest, goes further and 
infests young growth which I have not as yet found affected by 
the larger beetle. It prefers the younger portions of the tree 
where the bark is soft and still thin. The crowns of older trees 
and the old side branches, and more especially stems and 
branches of young saplings, are the places it attacks and breeds 
and feeds in. This preference for the younger parts of trees 
leads it toinfest young saplings whenever, from any cause, they 
have become weakened in vitality. Young trees broken by 
snow were found in the spring to be full of beetles, engaged in 
egg-laying, the insect having subsequently spread to appa- 
rently healthy trees alongside. Attacked stems, etc., are at 
once recognized by the fact that the entrance holes on the out- 
side are surrounded by a circle of white resin which renders 
them very conspicuous. The thin bark also turns yellow and 
crinkles up. On cutting into a stem with this external appear- 
ance at one of the holes either beetles, or larvae, or both, will 
be found burrowing in the bast and sapwood, the galleries being 
flooded with turpentine in which the insects wa'low about. The 
branches are often so riddled as to be merely a mass of inter- 
Jaced galleries, the whole of the bast layer disappearing. 
In the case of older trees, whenever the bole is found to 
contain the blue pine Tomicus, Polygraphus major will 
almost invariably, if not always, be found in the crown and 

