292 HYBL#HA PUERA. 
here and there young saplings had dried up and died and a 
careful insp2ction revealed no external or internal reason for 
this state of affairs. It may have been due to constant defolia- 
tions by this insect and Pyrausta, the successive flushes of 
leaves having been regularly eaten off. 
Further observations require to be made and records kept 
of the results of the constant defoliation due to the attacks of 
these two pests, but two resultant causes to the trees are— 
1. The entire loss of leaves stops growth, and, if occurring 
in the flowering season, when the trees are in full 
flower, not unlikely has a serious effect upon the 
production of seed and the consequent natural 
regeneration of the forest. 
2. A serious loss of increment in the annual amount of wood 
put on by the tree and therefore a serious delay 
in time in reaching the required cutting standard 
of girth. 
It would appear not unlikely that the successive stoppages 
in growth resulting from these attacks will give several rings 
of wood per year instead of the one annual one only. Enquiries 
are being conducted with the view of ascertaining this point. 
Protection and Remedies. 
Ihave given a full note upon possible protective methods 
under Pyrausta macheralts below. 
In the case of the Hyblea the matter is not so easy, 
since we have no information at present as to where and in 
which stage the insect spends the winter. It would appear that 
a very considerable number of the larve of the spring to 
autumn or active generations pupate in the leaves of the trees 
(contrary to the practice of many Noctuids which pupate in the 
soil), but it may be found that a portion at least pupate in the 
soil. Mr. Bourdillon, writing of the attacks of this pest in Travan- 
core, says that the first sign that the caterpillars are going to be 
numerous is indicated by the edges of the teak leaves being 
folded over here and there for a length of a third of an inch and 
a depth of a4inch. Inside a minute caterpillar will be found. 
The ragged appearance of the teak leaves is therefore the first 
