te ty: 
PYRAUSTA MACHGRALIS. 305 

the full-fed larvae leave the trees on which they have been feed- 
ing and proceed to construct cocoons usually, if not always, in 
the ground, The cocoons are made of silk and bits of earth 
bound together and are usually found in clusters under stones 
and large boulders. When there are no stones, the cocoons 
may be found at a depth of several inches in the soil. At the 
end of the hibernation in the following April the larve change 
to pup. This hibernating stage lasts therefore in the drier 
forests of the Central Provinces (Damoh and Jubbulpore) for 
twenty-two weeks. This period is, however, not so long in the 
damper forests of Kanara and the west coast of Madras (Nilam- 
bur), as in these localities the insect is to be found active till the 
end of December and November respectively. The hibernating 
period would hence appear tobe from 14 to 15 weeks in the 
first and 18 to 19 weeks in the second case. 
Method of pupation.—Mr. Hole has made a series of 
experiments on this head, and he has found that nearly 50 per 
cent. of the larva appear to ordinarily pupate on the leaves, 
whilst the remainder pupate either amongst the dried leaves 
in the soil, letting themselves down from the trees by silken 
-threads, or in crevices of the bark, etc. In pupating on the 
leaf on the tree the larva may simply spin a loose silk web 
across the mid-rib ora lateral vein ona curved portion of 
the inner face of the leaf, or it may spin together a portion 
of the edge which thereby becomes rolled over Or the 
web may be spun between the lower surface of one leaf and 
the upper one of another in the angle made at the point where 
these two surfaces happen to touch one another, It pupates in 
the same way amongst the dried leaves on the ground. It only 
pupates in the ground after the hibernating stage, which stage 
is, as already described, spentin the ground. Mr. Hole describes 
the cocoon within which pupation takes place as ‘thin and 
made of white silk, and of a shape to fit the depression in which 
it is constructed,’ 

er ar i 
1 This insect has been called the Teak-leaf roller. Mr. Hole from his 
observations considers thisto be a misnomer. It is, however, too early 
to condemn the name until full observations on the method of pupation 
have been made in Bombay, Berar, Madras and Burma, whete the 
insect is, in many parts, exceedingly plentiful. 
