426 CLANIA CRAMERI, Westwood. 

Larve a week old havea double coil of this epidermis forming 
their case. The first larve issued in the Museum cages on 
the 6th August: cthers on the 15th and 26th, these all 
being those of the second generation of the year. 
The lifeshistory of the larvae which issued on the 20th 
August was watched up to the roth November and the follow- 
ing notes made, By the 1st September a very large number 
had died off, The remaining ones were quite healthy: they had 
reached the stage at which they cut off the green needle-like 
leaves to use in enlarging their cases. The caterpillars had 
by now assumed their mottled appearance, though they were 
still only half inch in length. They, however, naturally varied 
greatly in size. The needles are cut off and placed longitudi- 
nally on the case side by side. The first of these larvee pupated 
about the middle of October, and the cold weather is apparently 
passed in this stage. 
The larva is a heavy feeder and eats the needle-like leaves of 
the Casuarina from top downwards to the base, or it may bite 
through the needle (leaf) half-way down, the upper portion 
falling to the ground, whilst it consumes the lower; it is a most 
wasteful feeder. 
Results of attack. 
This insect when numerous would be capable of entirely 
defoliating a plantation and, consequently, its life-history 
requires to be well understood. Unless the defoliation is 
very heavy, the insects’ attacks will probably remain un- 
noticed ; and since the larva is very quickly alarmed (when it 
immediately retires within its case), even if the defoliation is 
noticed, it would not ordinarily be placed to the credit of the 
apparently small dead bundles of sticks hanging from the 
branches. From the large number of eggs laid by the females 
which are more abundant than the males, as can be readily 
distinguished from the fact that their cases are larger, itis evi- 
dent that in adry, warm, favourable season the mortality amongst 
the young larvz would be much less, and this would undoubtedly 
lead to very severe, if not total, defoliation in the plantations. 
It is not improbable that the death of trees attacked by the 
