436 ZEUZERA COFFEZ, Neitner. 

unlike the longicorn borer, The difference between the work 
of the two grubs is most marked. 
The red borer attacks and kills young saplings. If the trees 
get safely through this period of their life they will not be much 
harmed by it subsequently, as it will confine itself to attacking 
the branches only. | 
The white borer probably only kills the tree when present 
in numbers, It, however, invariably bores in the heart-wood, 
and thus spoils its quality and reduces its value. 
In addition to the actual amount of injury these borers are 
capable of doing per se to the sandal, a further damage arises 
from the fact that the external holes form convenient methods of 
entrance to the interior of the tree for fungous spores and, con- 
sequently, serious fungoid attacks may follow the insect ones. ~ 
Distribution. 
North Coimbatore Sandal-wood areas and, perhaps, through- 
out Mysore and Coorg. 
Protection and Remedies. 
In the case of the red borer undoubtedly the most effective 
check will be to cut out all infested saplings, 
The operations of this caterpillar are easily recognisable 
from the outside owing tothe fact that it keeps its burrow 
quite free of all wood particles, excrement, etc., and therefore 
small heaps of sawedust like excrement are to be found at 
the foot of the tree and beneath the entrance-hole and air- 
holes. There will also usually be exudations of sap trickling 
down the bark from these holes. When these exudations are 
seen to be fresh and wet and when the saw-dust at the foot is 
fresh the borer will be found inside. Such infested trees need 
not be cut down at once as other moths may lay their eggs in 
them (it is often noticeable that for some reason or another a 
particular tree or trees are more favoured inthis way). A careful 
watch must, however, be kept over them, and when the boring 
inside appears to have ceased the tree should be cut down 
chopped up and the borers or their pup killed. This should be 
