161 
fossa which characterizes the cranium in Sula and other Pelecanide. 
part of this extends the groove for the tympanic vein leadin 
(Pl. LXV. fig. 1,s). Mesiad of the inner pneumatic foram 
the orifices of the vestibular fenestre (rotunda et ovalis), 
subyertical bar. Below the fenestral fossa begins the Eustachian groove (e). Anterior 
‘to the groove leading to the fenestral fossa are two other large oval pneumatic foramina. 
The tympanic cavity anterior to these is smooth ; but mesially, where it undermines the 
basisphenoid, it becomes reticulate. The chief part of the floor of the tympanic cavity 
is membranous. 
At the fore part of the base of the pretympanic plate of the alisphenoid (ib. 6) opens 
the foramen ovale, partly divided into a larger inferior passage for the third, and a smaller 
upper one for the second, division of the fifth nerve. This foramen is 2 inches 2 lines 
distant from that of the opposite side, and 8 lines behind the prelacerate fissure? 
(ib. 10). This, as in most other birds, includes the optic foramen, with those for the 
transmission of the nerves to the orbit, viz. the sixth and fourth and the anterior divi- 
sion of the fifth pair. The optic foramen is on the mesial side of the fissure, and is 
better defined from the orbital nerves and vessels than in most other birds; a more re- 
markable peculiarity is the extent of separation of the left from the right prelacerate 
fissure, the optic foramina being 1 inch 6 lines apart in Dinornis robustus. 
The optic groove, which extends across the fore part of the sella, from one optic 
foramen to the other, the floor of which is shown in Pl, LXIII. fig. 1, m, defines the 
coalesced bases of the orbitosphenoidal neurapophyses. These bases rest upon a pro- 
Jongation of bone from the basisphenoid, suddenly narrower than that part, convex 
transversely, contracting anteriorly, and called in ornithotomy the ‘ rostrum’ or ‘ sphe- 
noidal rostrum’ (ib. 9). 
If we may extend the more general comparisons of the vertebrate endoskeleton to 
this part of the base of the skull, we should view this ‘rostrum’ as the anterior con- 
tinuation of the series of vertebral elements called ‘ centrums,’ but which have been 
ossified, like the lower cortical or hypapophysial part of the centrum of the atlas,from 
the capsule of the notochord. The presphenoid, indeed, is only semicylindrical, and 
offers a close resemblance to the corresponding base of the sacrum, succeeding that 
which, by its greater breadth and flatness, forms, as a thin floor of bone, the base ; 
the sacral cranium, or neural cavity for the sacral expanse of the myelencephalon, a 
so closely and instructively repeats the characters of the basioccipital and ee 
at the base of the bird’s encephalic cranium. To the Seat ae which: the eee 
productions of the myelencephalon expand, this ornithotomical rostrum ate a 
relation of a centrum, both developmentally, connectively, and functiona : = 
coalesced orbitosphenoids and prefrontals have like relations thereto as neurapophyses. 
From the back 
g to the postlacerate fissure! 
en is the fossa terminated by 
which are divided by a short 
i "e i ; log * 
i sterius*’ of Anthropology 
* « Fissura lacera posterior * and “foramen lacerum po : eae 
* and * fissura sphenol 7 
. 4 ius 
2 « Fisgura lacera anterior,” “foramen lacerum anterius, a) 
