231] 
In the fourth vertebra (ib, D4) the anterior and posterior hypapophyses have 
coalesced into a single ridge, with a tuberosity on each side of its fore part; the ridge 
appearing to be a downward continuation or termination of the sides of the compressed 
centrum, The diapophysis is thicker but shorter than in the foregoing vertebre: the 
spine, though shorter and somewhat thinner, has a greater fore-and-aft diameter ; it is 
truncate a-top, like the rest. 
The ribs of this and the succeeding vertebra, the fifth, are the largest; they each 
support a lamelliform appendage articulated to a well-marked surface at the back part, 
below the middle of the rib. The appendage is three inches in length and one in 
breadth ; ascending obliquely and overlapping the succeeding rib. The sternal portion 
of the rib of the fourth dorsal joins the sternum. 
The third dorsal vertebra (ib, D3) much resembles the fourth; but with a slight 
diminution of size and a somewhat lower position of the parapophysis: this is asso- 
ciated with a rather longer and more bent-down neck of the rib. The sternal part of 
this rib joins the sternum. 
In the second dorsal vertebra (ib. D 2) the inferior ridge is divided by a notch into 
an anterior and posterior hypapophysis; but the diminished size of the vertebra, the 
lower parapophysis, with a smaller articular surface for the rib, and shorter diapo- 
physis, distinguish it from a fifth dorsal. ‘The spine is somewhat shorter, and inclines 
more forward than that of the third dorsal. 
In the first dorsal (7b. D 1), the hypapophysis is a ridge projecting from rather more 
than the anterior half of the centrum: the parapophysis has a smaller cup for the head 
of the rib than in the second dorsal: the diapophysis is proportionately diminished in 
size: the neural spine is smaller in every dimension, and slopes more forward. There 
is a small pneumatic foramen below and in front of the diapophysis. The rib, about 
four inches in length, terminates in a point, and has no sternal portion, nor any 
appendage. 
Besides the seven pairs of ribs from the seven dorsals, there are two pairs from the 
anterior sacrals, progressively diminishing in size, and the last terminating freely in a 
point. The first of these sacral ribs was moveably articulated to the first sacral vertebra : 
the second is anchylosed to the second sacral vertebra. 
Thus the Dinornis elephantopus had nine pairs of long, conspicuous ribs: the first 
floating ; the second to the fourth pairs inclusive composed of pleurapophysis and 
hamapophysis, the latter articulating with the expanded hemal spine or sternum, 
The next three pairs had hemapophyses, or ‘ sternal ribs’ which did not reach the 
sternum: the eighth and ninth pairs, simple and pointed like the first pair, belong to 
the first two of the vertebrze that have coalesced to form the long sacrum, 
Of the cervical vertebrie there are fifteen, each having its individual character, and 
with trochlear articular surfaces so clearly or definitely sculptured on the ends of the 
centrum as to permit of no mistake in the co-adaptation of the vertebra, successively, 
ZA 
