335 
bone formed by the zygomatic portions of the squamosal (27) and the malar (2s). This 
relation I deem worthy the attention of the unbiased student of the homologies of 
the bones marked respectively 8, 27, 26, in fig. 4, and in the illustrations of the skulls 
of Dinornis &e. in preceding Memoirs. If the hind end of 27, where it joins the tym- 
panic (28) as in Man and Mammals, were to expand into overlying junction with the 
mastoid (&) and parietal (7), it would also contribute to the surface of origin of the 
temporalis muscle. By adopting the homology propounded by Cuvier and Hallmann of 
the bone (8) as with the “temporal” or “squamosal” of Mammals, the anatomist falls 
into the necessity of introducing a new bone into the cranium of the bird, and of com- 
pleting its zygomatic arch by a “ quadrato-jugal.” 
From the posterior third of the lower border and inner surface of the zygomatic arch 
rises the masseter muscle (, fig. 3, Pl. XCII.), answering, in regard to its origin and the 
forward inclination of the fibres as they descend, to the deep portion of the mammalian 
and human masseter: the insertion is into the lower half of the outer side of a short 
tract of the mandible behind the insertion of the “‘ temporal” muscles. 
The “ orbicularis palpebrarum” (fig. 3, ¢) sends some of its hinder superficial fibres 
over the part of the zygoma giving origin to the masseter, which are lost in the super- 
ficial fascia of that muscle. I noted the great strength of the “ orbicularis palpebraram ” 
in my first Memoir on the Apterya australis (p. 38). In fig. 3 a bristle is represented 
passing through the “ punctum lacrymale” and along the lacrymal duct into the nasal 
chamber, where it terminates between the second and third turbinals, In fig. 4 are 
shown three of the ligaments of the lower jaw. The “ occipito-mandibular ligament” 
(m) is attached above to the paroccipital ridge (4), crosses the back part of the “ mem- 
brana tympani,” but behind the “ meatus auditorius,” to be fixed into the external and 
posterior articular ridge of the mandible. The “ tympano-mandibular” ligament (n) 
is attached above to the back part of the articular cup for the “ squamosal,” and below 
to the anterior and external articular ridge. The “zygo-mandibular ligament” (0) is 
attached to the slightly expanded hind end of the zygomatic element or representative 
of the squamosal, and below to the outer side of the mandible between the temporal 
and masseteric insertions; some fibres of the masseter are derived from both these 
ligaments, respecting which I may quote the remark from my first Memoir on Apterysr, 
“that they are an essential part of the mechanism of a beak which is destined to be 
forcibly thrust into the ground, and used in a variety of ways to overcome considerable 
resistance ” (tom. cit, p. 264). 
The short struthious tongue of the Apteryx, described at p. 8 of the first Memoir, 
is shown at / in fig. 1, Pl. XCI. The “ mylo-hyoideus” muscle is reflected from its 
origin (at h, fig. 8, Pl. XCII.) to expose the “ genio-hyoid” muscle, which arises from 
the inner and under part of the mandibular ramus, nearer the angle than the sym- 
physis, and sends backward its fibres to embrace the “ thyrohyal” element (%) of the 
tongue-skeleton to near the free hind extremity; the pair tend to protrude or draw 
