445 
the outer toe all the joints are in their places, and the skin still covers the lower 
outer and part of the upper surfaces, 
“The integument on the under surface of the toes is covered with small conical 
papille, about 345 of an inch in diameter at the base, which increase in size towards 
the sole of the foot. There is a marked protuberance under the first and second joints 
of the outer toe. The papille here are larger and closely packed together, while on 
the outside of the toe they are small and rounded. On the back of the metatarsus the 
integument is covered by large irregular prominences nearly half an inch in diameter, 
divided by grooves from a tenth to a twentieth of an inch across, which are rough to 
the touch. ‘These prominences are worn down quite flat, as proved by their striate 
surfaces, showing that the Moa, like the Emu, spent a considerable portion of its time 
with the lower surface of the metatarsus resting on the ground. On the sides of the 
leg the prominences are flat, slightly lengthened longitudinally, and with a divided wart- 
like surface; they are about the same size as those on the lower surface, but are set 
closer together, and are arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. On the sides of the 
tibio-metatarsal articulation the prominences are smaller, more rounded, and higher. 
Judging from the fragment of integument left on the anterior side of the metatarsus, 
its surface appears to have been covered with flat, more or less rounded, prominences 
in quincuncial arrangement, separated by flat smooth interspaces about a tenth of an 
inch wide. There is no appearance of its having been covered with horny scales as in 
Apteryx.” 
Such ‘scutella’ may, however, have been present in the missing integument. ‘Those 
in front of the metatarsus in Apteryx are comparatively small, close-set, with over- 
lapping margins, and vary somewhat in proportion according to the age of the bird as 
well as in the species: in the large grey Kivi (A .haastit), e. g., the scutelle are broader 
than in A. oweni and A. australis. “In colour the dried integument is yellowish 
brown, getting paler on the posterior surface.” In conclusion, Capt. Hutton remarks, 
“ that the extraordinary juxtaposition of decayed and lichen-covered bone with well-pre- 
served skin and flesh, seems to me to point to some peculiarity in the atmosphere which 
enables flesh to resist decay when shaded from the rays of the sun, and by no means to 
prove that the bird to which the skin and flesh belonged lived at a later date than those 
whose bones we now find buried under the soil” *. 
The ecto- and endo-condylar fosse and the intercondylar ridge were covered by their 
articular cartilage, brown and dry through exposure. 
From the remnants of ligamentous and tendinous structures attached to the meta- 
tarsus, some repetitions of the muscular arrangements in the Apterya (noted above, 
pp. 54-61) appear to have been detected by the able comparative anatomist, Dr. 
Coughtrey*. The specimen is in the Otago Museum. 
1 Tom. cit. p. 268. 
2 See his excellent Anatomical Notes on the Moa’s Leg,” &e, tom. cit. p. 269, pl. xix. 
3 Z 
