707 
observed what we feel quite sure Is mottle leaf, gummosls, 
wither tip and brown rot. We also noticed several scales. 
After looking the field over, we thought the best thing to 
do would be to proceed to Rio and meet the officials 
there, see Dr. Willis, and spend two or three weeks in the 
Library and Botanical Garden; then return to Bahia and sys- 
tematically study the Bahia Navel Orange proposition. 
Brazil. Rio Janeiro. Mr. A. D. Shamel writes from on 
board R. M.S. P. "Alcala", November 6, 1913: We have 
left Rio after a strenuous three weeks and are on our way 
to Bahia. We had a most interesting and I believe profit- 
able stay at Rio: It is a most wonderful city. It was a 
great surprise to me, a pleasant one. The combination of 
bay, mountains, tropical vegetation and picturesque build- 
ings is irresistable and most fascinating. 
Through an acquaintance we made on the "Van Dyck" we 
were given unusual opportunities for studying citrus and 
other tropical fruits In the vicinity of Rio. He Is A. G. 
Poutes, a native of Brazil. He owns a fine country place 
and farm about 12 miles from Rio. He introduced us to a 
neighbor, a multi-millionaire farmer, who has an unri- 
valed collection of farm plants and animals. On these 
farms we got next to the real thing. We were given "Carte 
blanche" to everything on both farms, including fine din- 
ners. We took full advantage of those conditions. In 
this district and in Nictheroy (across the bay) we got 
considerable amount of what I hope will prove valuable 
material, budwood, illustrations, methods, etc. 
One of the most striking methods that we have found 
is the practise of orange growers renewing their orchards. 
They cut back old trees to within about a foot of the 
ground, allow them from one to three sprouts to grow, from 
which a new top is developed. A few trees in each orchard 
are treated in this way each year, renewing the grove as a 
whole gradually. 
No means of combating the numerous Insect pests and 
fungus diseases are practised. In spite of the conditions 
the trees are fairly productive, bearing from 200 to 500 
fruits each. Considering the planting, 12 ft. by 12 ft., 
this means a heavy production per acre. 
Oranges sell for 10 cts. apiece in Rio. Not enough 
are produced to supply the local demand even at this or 
higher prices. 
No fertilizer and usually no cultivation is used. 
Little pruning except to cut off the lower branches so 
that people can walk under the trees easily. All labor Is 
hand labor. The fruits are pulled from the trees and 
handled just like we handle potatoes. The loss from decay 
