
with ammonium sulfamate (DuPont's Ammate) at a concentration of 3/h pound 
to a gallon of water (Steenis, 1950). For dense, extensive tracts of coppice, 
mechanical means of control may be more economical than herbicides. A heavy 
bush and bog disc or similar equipment can be used effectively late in the 
season when the ground is firm. In the case of high, woody growth, com- 
binations of cutting and chemical treatment may be advantageous. 
Control of cattails, particularly in seepage areas, can be of 
considerable value in increasing desirable marsh vegetation. In one 
locality, planting rootstocks of squarestem spikerush at three-foot inter— 
vals following cattail control resulted in a dense spikerush growth that 
discouraged initial establishment of cattail seedlings. Application of 
F. M. Uhler's control procedure has shown promise. This method consists 
of cutting the stems close to the ground when the cattail head is well 
formed, but not fully mature. A second cutting about a month later increases 
considerably the effectiveness of control. This procedure proved to be 
particularly successful if the first cutting was made under water. 
In some places, a combination of upper and lower impoundments can be 
advantageous in supplying good food for waterfowl. In such arrangements, 
the upper pool serves as a reservoir to reflood the lower unit (or units). 
The lower unit may contain either agricultural crops or native marsh species. 
Since the upper reservoir retains its water until fall, useful aquatic vege- 
tation may have opportunity to develop in it. Temporary stranding during 
the fall draw-down does not necessarily kill the plants. This combination 
arrangement results in a staggered use of the feeding units, the flooded 
crops or marsh of the lower units receiving waterfowl patronage first, with 
the reflooded marsh and aquatic plants in the upper reservoir being used 
later. 
Providing Non=Flooded Farm Crops 
Planting unflooded agricultural crops for use by ducks and geese has 
been extensively employed as a means of attracting waterfowl. The value 
of this type of management in the TVA area is confined almost entirely to 
mallards, black ducks, and Canada geese. The procedure ordinarily involves 
share-cropping with local farmers, the wildlife share being left in the 
fields. Corn, soybeans, dwarf grain sorghums, and peanuts, are readily 
accepted by these three species of waterfowl. Fall-planted grains such as 
wheat and rye, as well as the forage crop, Italian ryegrass, are of much 
value in furnishing browse for Canada geese. Larry Givens, refuge manager, 
and Tom Z. Atkeson of Wheeler Refuge also report that geese use crimson and 
white clover, alfalfa, and to some extent, PANeETaR ee 
Controlling Erosion in Waterfowl Habitat 
Destructive erosion of valuable waterfowl habitat occurs commonly in 
the shallow-water part of the TVA reservoirs where peninsulas and islands 
occur in an alternating land and water arrangement. Wave action and river 
currents augmented by changing water levels which, in some cases, exceed 
twenty feet, wash away and level-off much of the soil in these desirable 
