Likewise for the Penobscot River station in Maine, the Lake 
Champlain stations in Vermont, and the Seney station in Michigan, the 
1951 data are similar in distribution to previous records. This lack 
of variation is particularly significant with the Penobscot River 
station for which there are 45 new direct shooting recoveries. There 
are only 5 and 3 new records, respectively, for the Champlain and 
Seney stations. 
An expanded banding program during 1951 by the Maine Coopera- 
tive Wildlife Research Unit included trapping on the Moosehorn National 
Wildlife Refuge and vicinity. Recoveries from this banding tota] 22 
from shooting, of which 20 are from bandings done prior to the shooting 
seasm. The distribution is similar to that of the Penobscot River 
stations. Twenty percent of the recoveries were taken locally, 45 
percent were taken from Long Island to North Carolina, and the remainder 
in New England and New Brunswick. There were two birds taken in banding 
traps on Long Island and in Maryland. 
A concentrated early fall banding on the Parker River National 
Wildlife Refuge (Newburyport) and vicinity by the Massachusetts Division 
of Fisheries and Game produced a total of 218 shooting recoveries of 
which 205 are from bandings prior to the shooting season. The distribu- 
tion is somewhat similar to past records from this area, in that 82 per- 
cent of the recoveries come from the local banding area. However, 11 
percent of the recoveries (13 percent including hunting season bandings) 
are from the southern coastal area from Long Island to North Carolina. 
This is a 50 percent greater recovery in the south than was tallied from 
previous records. The increased percentage in the southern recovery, 
though not involving a large number of bands, was nevertheless unexpected, 
because a most intensive campaign was conducted in the field, and assist- 
ance was given by members of sporting clubs to insure the recovery of as 
many bands as possible in the local banding area. 
In regard to recent literature the treatise entitled Survival 
Studies of Banded Birds, by Joseph J. Hickey (Spec. Sci. Rpt.: Wildlife, 
No. 15, United States Department of the Interior, June 1952) was not 
published at the time this report was written. Although the black duck 
is not discussed in detail in this publication, the report is recommended 
to the reader because many of the comments made by Dr. Hickey concerning 
biases, and inaccuracies of the banding records may be applied to black 
duck recoveries as well. 
Distribution of the Banding Effort 
Over the past 32 years, black ducks have been banded in 41 
states and provinces (fig. 32). In many states the banding effort has 
been meager. In other states major programs have resulted in significant 
volumes of data. Unfortunately, much of the banding has been uncoordinated 
so that until recently it was seldom that more than a few important stations 
~5)- 
