of pesticides and their metabolites is necessary in order to fully 
evaluate the effects of pest control programs on wildlife. 
Metabolic pathways can be classified into seven groups that 
cover the majority of biotransformations which pesticides undergo. 
These are: 
1. Oxidation (in the sense that oxygen, as hydroxyl, takes 
part or is postulated to take part in one or more of the 
steps.) 
(a) Hydroxylation of aromatic rings 
(b) Oxidation of side chains to alcohols, ketones, 
or carboxyl groups 
(c) Dealkylation from oxygen or sulfur (ether cleavage) 
(d) Sulfoxide formation 
(e) N-oxide formation 
2. Dehydrogenation and dehydrohalogenation 
3. Reduction 
4. Conjugation 
(a) Amide formation 
(b) Metal complex 
(c) Glucoside or Glucuronic acid 
(d) Sulfate | 
5. Hydrolytic Reactions 
(a) Cleavage of esters 
(b) Cleavage of amides 
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