In 
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 207 
SPECIES 1.—COSMIA PYRALINA, Prats XLIV., Fie. 8, 9. 
Synonymes.— Noctua pyralina, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Treitschke ; Duponchel ; Haworth ; Hatchett, in Trans. of old Ent. Soc., 
vol. ], pl. 9, fig. 1; Wood, Ind. Ent. pl 14, fig. 342, Noctua corusca, Hiibner. 
This species measures rather more than 1+ inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a rich purplish 
chesnut colour with brown waves. The costa being marked towards the apex with a pale sublunate mark ; 
this extends in a darker tint, and very much angulated, to the inner margin of the wing. Across the middle of 
the wing runs a much waved dark striga; the ordinary stigmata being obsolete. The apical margin of the 
wing is clouded with brown patches. The hind wings are pale reddish-brown, with a rather darker subapical 
fimbria. The caterpillar is green, with white lines and dots on the back. The perfect insect appears in July, 
and is of rare occurrence in this country. Birch Wood, Epping, Barham. 

SPECIES 2.—COSMIA DIFFINIS. Purars XLIV., Fie. 10, 11. 
Synonymes.—Phal. Noctua diffinis, Linneus ; Fabricius ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Harris, Expos. Engl. Ins. pl. 5, fig. 8. 
Stephens ; Wood, Ind. Ent. pl. 14, fig. 340. 
This species measures about 14 inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a rich purplish-red 
colour, but paler along the apical margin ; towards the base of the wing is a short and slender, white, transverse 
striga, arising from the costa; a second slender, pale brown, straight striga running obliquely across the wing, 
rather before the middle, arising from a white, costal, curved patch; a similar but larger patch is placed half 
way towards the apex of the wing, from the outer posterior angle of which runs a third striga, similar to the 
preceding, but parallel with the apical margin of the wing ; near the apex of the costa is another less distinct, 
curved, pale line, which extends to the anal angle, forming a fourth striga; the ordinary stigmata are obliterated ; 
the hind wings are brown; the caterpillar is green, with white lines and dots. It feeds on the elm, and the 
moth appears at the middle of August, being chiefly found on the trunks of trees. It is a rather common and 
widely-dispersed species. 
SPECIES 3.—COSMIA AFFINIS. Puare XLIV., Fie. 12. 
SynonyMEs.— Phalena Noctua affinis, Linneus; Hiibner; Haworth; Albin, pl. 31, fig. 49, f—i; Stephens ; Wood, pl. 15, fig. 341. 
This species is smaller than the preceding, measuring about 13 lines in the expanse of the fore wings, which 
are of a reddish-brown colour, the centre of the wing having a redder hue, but varying considerably in the depth 
of their tint, as well as in the intensity of their markings, which are very similar to those of C. diffinis, except 
that the white costal marks are replaced by slender short flexuous pale lines. The characteristic portion of the 
wing is also marked with slight indications of the two ordinary stigmata. Close to the apex of the wing are two 
minute black dots. The hind wings are dark brown, with the base rather paler; and the cilia pale and dirty 
white. The caterpillar is greenish white, with darker lines and small dark tubercles, and a black curved line 
over each of the spiracles. It feeds on the elm ; and the moth, which is a common species, appears at the end 
of July. 
SPECIES 4.—COSMIA TRAPEZINA. Puate XLIV, Fie. 13. 
Synonymes.—Phalena Noctua trapezina, Linneus; Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, Ind. Ent. pl. 15, fig. 343. Harris, Aurelian, 
pl. 10, fig. 2»—*. Phalena rhombica, Hufnagle. 
This species measures from 14 to nearly 12 inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a pale buff 
colour, varying to a pale reddish brown. The characteristic portion of the wing is large, and richer-tinted than 
the remainder, and bounded towards the base by a nearly straight slender brown line, edged with a pale buff 
line. This part of the wing bears slight rudiments of the stigmata; the anterior being indicated by a small 
dark dot, and the outer one by two placed transversely and edged with pale margins. They are followed by a 



