

AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS, 209 
small tubercles; in some species they are obliquely fasciated. They generally feed on the leaves of trees, rarely 
on low-growing plants. The perfect insects are autumnal. 

SPECIES 1.—XANTHIA FLAVAGO. Puare XLV., Fie. 1, 2. 
Synonymes.— Noctua flavago, Fabricius; Haworth ; Curtis ; Noctua ochraceago, Borkhausen. 
Stephens: Wood, Ind. Ent. pl. 15, fig. 345; Albin, pl. 68, fig. a—d. Noctua silago, Hiibner; Guénée; Doubleday; Boisduval. 
Noctua togata, Esper. 
This species measures 14 inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a rich golden yellow colour, 
with various spots, dots, and a spotted oblique fascia, beyond the middle of the wing, of a purple brown colour ; 
of these spots, one at the base is large and costal, a central flexuous mark in the middle of the wing ; the inner 
stigma is almost obsolete, the outer one marked by a dark dot in its hind part; the striga following the 
stigmata is of yellow, bordered on each side with dark spots; towards the apical margin is a row of brownish 
spots; the ciliz are purplish ; the hind wings are white, with yellowish cilia. 
The caterpillar is pale brown, with a darker lateral stripe, and the belly pinkish. It feeds on sallow, and 
also on plantain. The moth appears in September and October, frequenting the woods round London, where 
it is not a rare species. Mr. Douglas has taken it from ivy blossoms. 
SPECIES 2.—XANTHIA FULVAGO. Puare XLV., Fie. 8, 4. 
Synonymes.—Phalena Noctua fulvago, Linneus; Fabricius ; Noctua cerago, Hiibner ; Treitschke; Borkhausen; Guénée ; 
Haworth ; Curtis ; Stephens; Wood, Ind. Ent. pl. 15, fig. 346; Albin, | Duponchel; Boisduval. 
pl. 38, fig. 52, a—d. Phalena Noct. rubago, Donovan 10, pl. 338, fig. 2. 
Ph. N. crocea, Villers. Phalena citrago, Wilkes 5, pl. 8. 
Noctua flavescens, Esper ; Borkhausen. 
This species measures from 14 to 1, inch in the expansion of the fore wings, which are of a more or less 
bright sulphur yellow colour, varied with purple brown markings; of these, a patch on the costa towards the 
base, (behind which is a small spot,) is succeeded by a slender and but slightly indicated waved striga, preceding 
the anterior stigma, which is almost obsolete, the slender circle by which it is margined alone being visible ; 
beyond this is a deep curved purple-brown fascia, the chief spot of which appears to represent the outer stigma ; 
the third ordinary striga is represented by a yellow much curved line preceded and followed by some small dark 
triangular or arched spots, which are dilated on the costa, with a large triangular patch extending nearly to the 
tip of the wing ; parallel with the apical margin runs a row of small brown spots. Varieties, such as our fig. 3, 
occur, in which the dark-coloured markings are much less extensive, and others darker ; other varieties have the 
ground-colour varying in intensity ; the hind wings are pale-whitish buff. The caterpillar is pale, with a 
brown head. It feeds on birch; and the moth appears in September and October. It is a rather common 
species, and is found in woods and on ivy blossoms. 
Nocrva citvaaGo, of Haworth ; Wood, pl. 15, fig. 347, is considered by Mr. Stephens as a probable variety of 
the preceding insect, with which it is taken occasionally in company, differing from it in being very much paler- 
coloured, and without the maculated fasciz and cloudings, and in bearing a series of subapical brown dots, and a 
spot in the place of the posterior stigma. Mr, Stephens also doubts whether it be the N. gilvago of Fabricius, 
which species is considered by the German and French Lepidopterists as quite distinct from fulvago, and, as the 
gilvago is common near Paris, this opinion appears confirmed. 
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