xxii 
CONTENTS. 
PAGE 
in newer Pliocene breccias— Fossil bones of Marsupial animals in Australian 
caves — Formation of osseous breccias in the Morea — Newer Pliocene allu- 
viums — Difference between alluviums and regular subaqueous strata — The 
former of various ages — Marine alluvium — Grooved surface of rocks — Erratic 
blocks of the Alps — Theory of deluges caused by paroxysmal elevations 
untenable — How ice may have contributed to transport large blocks from the 
Alps — European alluviums chiefly tertiary — Newer Pliocene in Sicily — Loss 
of the Valley of the Rhine — Its origin — Contains recent shells . 1 37 
CHAPTER XII. 
Geological monuments of the older Pliocene period — Subapennine forma- 
tions—Opinions of Brocchi— Different groups termed by him Subapennine 
are not all of the same age — Mineral composition of the Subapennine forma- 
tions—Marls—Yellow sand and gravel — Subapennine beds how formed — 
Illustration derived from the Upper Val d'Arno— Organic remains of Sub- 
apennine hills— Older Pliocene strata at the base of the Maritime Alps — 
Genoa — Savona— Albenga— Nice — Conglomerate of Valley of Magnan— Its 
origin— Tertiary strata at the eastern extremity of the Pyrenees . 155 
CHAPTER XIII. 
Crag of Norfolk and Suffolk— Shown by its fossil contents to belong to the 
older Pliocene period — Heterogeneous in its composition — Superincumbent 
lacustrine deposits— Relative position of the crag— Forms of stratification 
— Strata composed of groups of oblique layers — Cause of this arrangement 
— Dislocations in the crag produced by subterranean movements — Protruded 
masses of chalk — Passage of marine crag into alluvium — Recent shells in a 
deposit at Sheppey, Ramsgate, and Brighton . . . 171 
CHAPTER XIV. 
Volcanic rocks of the older Pliocene period — Italy — Volcanic region of Olot 
in Catalonia — Its extent and geological structure — Map — Number of cones — 
Scoriae — Lava currents — Ravines in the latter cut by water — Ancient allu- 
vium underlying lava — Jets of air called ' Bufadors ' — Age of the Catalonian 
volcanos uncertain— Earthquake which destroyed Olot in 1421 — Sardinian 
volcanos— District of the Eifel and Lower Rhine— Map— Geological structure 
of the country— Peculiar characteristics of the Eifel volcanos— Lake craters 
-—Trass— Crater of the Roderberg — Age of the Eifel volcanic rocks uncer- 
tain — Brown coal formation „ . , , . ]83 
CHAPTER XV. 
Miocene period — Marine formations — Faluns of Touraine— Comparison of 
the Faluns of the Loire and the English Crag— Basin of the Gironde and 
