INDEX. 
105 
South Downs, view of the escarpment of 
the — see wood-cut No. 65, 290 
■ section from their northern escarp- 
ment to Barcombe — see wood-cut No. 
71, 296 
i on the former continuity of the chalk. 
of the North and, 303 
Spaccaforno limestone, 65 
Spain, tertiary formations of, 170 
extinct volcanos of the north of, 183 
— lavas excavated by rivers in, 186, 189 
Species, changes of, everywhere in pro- 
gress, 30 
effects of changes of climate on, 44 
superior longevity of molluscous, 48 
— necessity of accurately determining, 
49 
■* living, proportion of in the fossils of 
the newer Pliocene period, 53 
1 in the older Pliocene period, 54 
in the Miocene period, 54 
in the Eocene period, 55 
1 their geographical distribution, 55 
in Sicily older than the country they 
inhabit, 115 
■ outlive great revolutions in physical 
geography, 115 
— : — none common to the secondary and 
tertiary formations, 327 
Spinto, fossil shells in green sand at, 211 
Steininger, M., on the loess of the Rhine, 
151 
— — on the volcanic district of the Eifel, 
201 
Steyning, chalk escarpment as seen from 
the hill above — see wood-cut No. 66, 
291 
Stirling Castle, altered strata in the rock 
of, 369 
Stour, transverse valley of the, 298 
Strata, cause of the limited continuity of, 9 
order of succession of- — see diagram 
No. 1, 14 
origin of the European tertiary, at 
successive periods, 18 
Recent, form a common point of de- 
parture in all countries, 58 
with and without organic remains 
alternating in the Paris basin, 254 
on the consolidation of, 334 
Stratification, unconformable, remarks on, 
30, 33 
■ of the Crag — see wood-cuts, 174, 
175 
of primary rocks — see wood-cut No. 
89, 365, 366 
Strike of beds, explanation of the term, 346 
Stromboli, lava of, has been in constant 
ebullition for 2000 years, 363 
Studer, M., on the loess of the valley of 
the Rhine, 152 
— on the molasse of Switzerland, 212 
Styria, tertiary formations of, 212 
age of the tertiary strata of, 214 
volcanic rocks of, 223 
Sub-Apennine strata, 18. 155 
opinions of Brocchi on the, 155 
lithological characters of the, 157. 
162 
not all of the same age, 157 
termed marine alluvia by Dr. Mac- 
culloch, 157 
subdivisions of the, described, 158 
how formed, 160 
organic remains of the, 163 
fossil shells of the — see Tables, Ap- 
pendix I. 
Subaqueous deposits, our continents chiefly 
composed of, 9 
how raised, 104 
— — distinction between alluvium and, 
145 
Submarine eruptions, proofs of ancient, in 
the Bay of Trezza, 78, 81 
Subsidence on Papandayang, in Java, 96 
on Etna, 96 
Subterranean lava the cause of the elevation 
of land, 105 
Subterranean rocks of fusion, probable 
structure of the recent, 107 
Suffolk, relative age of the tertiary strata 
of — see diagram No. 4, 21 
■ crag strata of, 171 
— — cliffs, thickness of the crag in the, 
172 8 ■ 
Superga, strata composing the hill of the, 
highly inclined, 211 
fossil shells of the, 211 
Superior, Lake. See Lake Superior. 
Superposition, of successive formations, 
causes of the, 26 
proof of more recent origin, 35 
exceptions in regard to volcanic 
rocks, 36 
no invariable order of, in Hypogene 
formations, 375 
Surface, different states of the, when the 
secondary and tertiary strata were form- 
ed, 23 
Switzerland, 'molasse' of, 212 
Synclinal and anticlinal lines described — 
see wood-cut No. 68, 293 
Syenites not distinguishable from granites, 
358 
Synoptical Table of Recent and Tertiary 
Formations, 61 
Syracuse, section at — see diagram No. 5, 64 
shells found in the limestone of, 65 
range of inland cliffs seen to the north 
of, 111 
bones of extinct animals in caves 
near, 140 
list of fossil shells from — Appendix 
II., p. 54 
