LAND AND WATER 
October 10, 1914 
THB SOUTHKHN OE MAIS FIELD OV ACTION IN THK EASTERN AKEA OF WAB. 
from Vienna. Of direct raihvay communication the 
(jjei-mans and Austi-ians m]l have only one artcn^ 
that coming from Silesia ; for the railway reaching 
Czenstochowa from Germany is only a light line. 
Further the gauge of the Kiolce EaUway is the 
Jlussian gauge, different from that of the rest of 
Europe. The Gennans have axles and wheels suited 
to this gauge and applicable to their o-v\ni rolling 
stock, but in what quantity and whether upon the 
spot or no we cannot teU. (I have marked upon the 
map the points Zombkovice Junction and Wielce 
Junction Avherc the breach of gauge occurs). The 
(jiermans have the worst roads for supply ;behinil 
them, the roads to the south of the Vistula 
being good macadamised roads and those to the 
north mainly un-macadamised tracks. The country 
to the north of the Vistula through which, pre- 
sumably, the Austro-German advance will come, is 
open enough, though hilly in the neighbourhood of 
the river, and gets more wooded as one goes noi-th- 
ward to the Kielce raihvay line. The couiitiy to the 
south of the Vistula, as I have marked it, is consider- 
ably wooded, and, upon the i-iglit flank of the southern 
orGalieian Eussian force, is one great, almost unbroken 
forest in tlie angle between the Vistula and the San. 
Apait from the Eussian army in Galicia, which 
has advanced fi-om Lcmberg since its victoiy there, 
a new army is coming up through Central Poland, 
and the Eussian forces, th«ugli massed mainly to the 
south, yet extend up through Kielce and beyond, 
everywhere approaching contact with the Austro- 
German line in front and to the west of them : 
which line would seem to nm fi'om Pieti'okow to 
Stoimitza and is extending to the south. 
There are, in biief, the tactical elenients of the 
field in which this great decision is to be challenged. 
But what precise form the battle line will take 
when the shock comes we cannot teU. StiU less can 
we conjecture the issue. 
THE OPERATIONS IN THE WESTERN 
THEATRE OF WAR. 
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GKXEBAL MAP OF OPEEATIONS IN THB WESTEEN AKEA. 
In the Western theatre of war there is very 
little that is new in France. The new thing in 
6* 
