LAND AND AVATER 
September 12, 1914 
Kuzmin. — Situated about tivelve miles east of the frontier 
station of Satanoif, on the river Smotrycz, in the Russian 
Government of Podolia. It is a village of little normal 
importance. 
Mame River. — Rises in the department of Haute 
Marne, in eastern France, among the hills to the south of the 
department, and floiivs with an average north-west direction to 
Vitry, in the department of Marne. Thence it gradually bends 
westward to Epernay and Dormans, afterward entering the 
department of Seine-et-3Iarne and bending slightly to the south 
to join the Seine about five miles south of Paris. Chateau 
Thierry, Meaux, and Lagny are the principal towns on tlie river 
in the present theatre of war in France. The Mame forms one 
of the principal arteries by wliich goods are transported to 
Paris from the east in normal times. 
Meaux. — Cliief town of arrondissement, in the department 
of Scinc-et-Marne, about twenty-seven miles east-north-east 
of Paris. Its population is about 13,000, and it is the site of an 
important wool market in normal times. It is situated on the 
river Mame, and on the Paris-Rheims line of rail. 
Mlawa. — A station in Russian Poland on the Warsaw- 
Deutsch Eylau line of rail, and about ten miles from the German 
frontier. It is the first station on the Russian side of the frontier. 
Morhange. — In German, Morchingen, a town in 
German Lorraine, near the junction of the Metz-Strasbourg 
and Nancy-Saargemund lines of rail, about ten miles north of 
Marsal. 
Mondnirail- — Situated about fifteen miles north-north- 
west of Sezanne, on the Paris-Esternay line of rail, and at the 
junction of main roads lynning north-west and south-west to 
La Ferte Gaucher and La Fertersous-Jouarre. 
Morfagne, — A tributary of the Meurthe, flowing between 
Luneville and Nancy. 
Neidenburg. — A station on the strategic frontier railway 
of East Prussia, situated between the junctions of Soldau and 
Oertelburg, and about six miles north of the Polish frontier. 
Nikolaief, or Mikolaiew. — A strongly fortified centre 
in Austrian Galicia, a short distance north of the River 
Dneister, and about three miles east of the railway from Lemberg 
to Stryj or Stryi. It is about twenty-four miles directly south 
of Lemberg, and is of considerable strategic importance. 
OIkusch. — A railway station in Russian Poland, about 
ei.x miles from tlie Austrian frontier. It is on the Kielce-Benazin 
line of rail, which runs parallel with the frontier at this point. 
Ourcq, River. — A small northern tributary of the Mame, 
flowing west from the eastern boimdary of the department 
of Aisne to La Ferte Milton, whence it turns due south, flowing 
by Mareuil and Lizy-sur-Ourcq and joining the Marne about 
four miles south of the last-named town. 
Rawa Russka. — Situated about thirty-two miles north- 
north-west of Lemberg, in Austrian Galicia, and about fourteen 
miles from the frontier of Russian Poland. It is an important 
railway junction, as the Jaroslav-Sokal and Lemberg-Belzac 
lines cross here. 
Rheims, or Reims. — A town in the north of the depart- 
ment of Marne, ninety-seven miles north-east from Paris by 
rail, with a population of about 110,000. It is the most important 
centre of the woollen trade in France, and is also one of the 
principal centres of the champagne industry, employing upwards 
of 20,(XX) hands in this business. In peace time it is the head- 
qiiarters of a large garrison, and is considered a fortified town. 
Five railways radiate from the town to Paris, Esternay, Chalons 
Mezieres, and Laon, and Rheims ranks as one of the principal 
cities of northern France. 
Schoppinitz. — A village near the eastern extremity of 
Silesia, in eastern • Prussia, situated on the Przemsza river, 
near the point where the German, Austrian, and Russian Empires 
join. 
Sezanne. — About sixty miles east of Paris, on the main 
Paris to Chalons road. It is an important railway junction 
as the Paris-Chalons and Rheims-Troyes lines of rail cross here. 
Tchernovifz. — Capital of Bukovina, an Austrian 
province, lying to the south-east of Galicia. Tchernovitz is 
situated on the banks of the Pruth river, and is a thriving town 
of about 87,000 inhabitants. It is only a few miles from the 
Russian frontier, and is near the junction of the railway lines from 
Odessa and Bukharcst to Lemberg. 
Thionvillc. — In German, Diedenhofen, is a fortified 
town of German Lorraine, twenty-two miles north from Metz 
by rail, with a population of about 11,000. It is an important 
railway junction, witli four lines branching to Luxembourg, 
Mezieres, Metz, and Saargemund, and is about ten miles distant 
from the French frontier. 
Tilsit. — A town of East Prussia, on the River Nicmen 
and on the Insterburg-Memel line of rail. It is sixty miles north- 
east of Koenigsburg and about twelve miles from the Russian 
frontier, and is the capital of Prussian Lithuania. The population 
is about 24,000. Tilsit is the scene of the signing of the treaty 
between Napoleon and the Emperor Alexander in 1807, con- 
cluding a peace which represented the total humiliation of Prussia. 
Its manufactures, and trade in timber and northern commerce, 
are considerable. 
Toul. — Chief town of an arrondissement in the depart- 
ment of Meurthe et Moselle, fourteen miles west of Nancy, 
on the Paris-Strasbourg line of rail, and also on the Marne- 
Rhine Canal. It is an artillery station of considerable magnitude, 
and is protected by an echelon of forts of great strength ; these 
are stationed on the summits of hills surrounding the town ; 
and Fort St. Alichel, the highest, is at an elevation of 1,400 feet. 
From 1874 onward attention has been devoted to strengthening 
the positions round Toul, and it is now one of the principal 
points of defence inside the French eastern frontier, being con- 
nected with Verdun by forts in commanding positions. The 
population of the town, apart from the garrison, is about 10,000. 
Vilvorde. — Or Yilvoorden, a station on the railway 
from Mechlin to Brussels, almost midway between the two, 
situated on the right bank of the River Sonne. 
Vitry-le-Francois. — An important road and railway 
junction about twenty miles south of Chalons, in the department 
of Mame, and chief town of an arrondissement. It is on the main 
line from Paris to Strasbourg, while the line from Chalons to 
Troyes also passes through here, and it is also the point of 
junction for the Mame-Rhine and Haut-Marne canals. Cement 
works, iron founding, and agricultural trades comprise the 
chief industries, and the population is about 9,000. 
Vladimir-Volynsk. — In southern Russia, about twenty 
miles north of the frontier of Austrian Galicia, on the main road 
from Warsaw to Dubno. It is a district town in the government 
of Volhynia, and is thirty-four miles S.W. of the south-western 
railway station of Kovel. Its population is estimated at about 
10,000, and it is a great Jewish centre, three-quarters of the 
inhabitants being Jews. 
OPPORTUNE PUBLICATIONS. 
Admiral Mahan, of the United States Navy, contributes to tha 
curreat issue of The Academy an article on " Sea Power and the 
Present War," which we commend to the notice of our readers. 
American neutrality is playing a larger part in the war than most 
people realise, and Admiral Mahan's article, embodying to a certain 
extent the American point of view, is as opportune as it is interesting. 
Among the trades that have suffered as a result of the war, that 
of publishing takes very nearly first place, but here and there a book 
dealing with one or other aspect of the present situation stands out as 
noteworthy and commands attention. Such a work is issued by Messrs. 
George Allen and Fisher Unwin, and is entitled " The Foundations of 
Strategy," written by Capt. H. M. Jolmstone, R.E. It is, as the 
author remarks, quite impossible to compress the art of strategy into 
the compass of a book, but it is possible to indicate the foundations 
of strategy, and that is what has been done in the volume under 
consideration. The chapters on mobility, intelligence, training and 
its influence on strategy, the influence of fortresses, and "turning a 
flank," will be found not only relevant to the present campaign now 
being v/aged by our own men, but will also be of extreme use to young 
ofiicers who have to make a real study of this most interesting subject, 
and the book as a whole is well worthy of serious consideration by those 
who have to know the art of war from a practical point of view. At 
the same time, the book is not too technical ; it is so written as to make 
an appeal to the general reader, and anyone who peruses its pages 
carefully will find at the end that he has a far more correct view of 
the operations at present in progress than could be gained by endless 
study of the reports of " our special correspondent " or " our military 
critic." We commend the work as not only opportune, but really 
useful. The price of the volume is 5s. net. 
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