LAND AND WATER 
October 10, 1914 
THl SOCTHEnN OE MAIN FIELD OF ACTION IN TUB EASTEEN AnEA OF WAR. 
from Vienna. Of dli-ect railway communication the 
Oennans and Austrians will have only one artery, 
that coming from Silesia ; for the railway reaching 
Czenstochowa from Gennany is only a light line, 
irui-thcr the gauge of the Kielce Eailway is the 
Jlussian gauge, different from that of the rest of 
Europe. The Gennans have axles and wheels suited 
to this gauge and applicable to their o\™ rolling 
fctock, but in what quantity and whether upon the 
spot or no we cannot tell. (I have marked upon the 
map the jwints Zombkovice Junction and Wielce 
Junction where the breach of gauge occurs). The 
(jcrmans have the worst roads for supply behind 
tlieni, the roads to the south of the Vistula 
being good macadamised roads and those to the 
north mainly un-macadamised tracks. The country 
to the north of the Vistula through which, pre- 
sumably, the Austro-German advance will come, is 
open enough, though hilly in the neighbourhood of 
the liver, and gets more wooded as one goes north- 
ward to the Kielce railway line. ITie country to the 
south of the Vistula, as I have marked it, is consider- 
ably w-ooded, and, upon the right flank of the southern 
orGahcian Russian force, is one great, almost unbroken 
lorest m the angle between the Vistvda and the San. 
Apart from the Russian army in Galicia, which 
lias advanced from Lemberg since its victory there 
a new anny is coming up through Central Poland] 
and tl)c Russian forces, tli<»ugh massed mainly to the 
south, yet extend up through Kielce and beyond, 
everywhere approachmg contact with the Austro- 
German line m front and to the west of them • 
which line would seem to run from Pietrokow to 
fetopmtza and is extending to the south 
:-t'Jiere are in brief, the tactical elements of the 
licld m which this great decision is to be chaUengcd. 
But what precise form the battle line will take 
when the shock comes we cannot tell. StiU less can 
we conjecture the issue. 
THE OPERATIONS IN THE WESTERN 
THEATRE OF WAR. 
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VII 
GENERAL MAP OP OPERATIOXa IN THi WESTERN AREA. 
In the Western theatic of war there is very 
little that is new in Trance. The new thing in 
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