November 28, 1914. 
LAND AND WATER 
Sarajevo 
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Another theatre of war in the East which has 
not been recently mentioned in these notes, and 
which has again become of importance, is that of 
the frontier between the Austro - Hungarian 
Empire and Servia. The latter country has now 
been invaded in force by an Austro-Hungarian 
army, and to that invasion I will next turn. 
THE NEW CAMPAIGN AGAINST 
SERVIA. 
The Austrian Army has recently, for the first 
time, detached a very formidable body of men, in- 
cluding presumably numbers of the new levies, for 
action in strength across the Servian frontier. We 
have here two things to consider : first, what Aus- 
tria is now doing in Servia, and next, why she is 
doing it. In the answer to the second question 
you get the chance of making a strategical judg- 
ment and a political judgment as well. 
As to the first question : what Austria is doing. 
In the early stages of the war Austria deter- 
mined, with a strategic object perfectly clear and 
so reasonable as to be obvious, to concentrate the 
great mass of her forces upon the Galician front 
and to organise them for an invasion through the 
south of Russian Poland, which should hold up the 
Russian effort and throw into confusion the still 
incomplete Russian mobilisation. As we know, 
that Austrian attempt failed. It failed because 
Russian mobilisation was quicker than Berlin and 
Vienna had allowed for, and also because the 
highly composite and largely disaffected second 
army of Austria went to pieces in front of Lem- 
berg. 
But, meanwhile, Austria's plan being thus 
simple and sound, connoted no waste of effort else- 
where. The only direction from which any annoy- 
ance to the Dual Monarchy could come, other than 
from Russia, was the Servian border ; and Austria 
detached for the watching of that border and for 
the prevention of a raid across it, a sufficient, but 
only just sufficient, body of men. This body watch- 
ing the frontier was heavily harassed by the Ser- 
vians, and the incidents of this military policy upon 
Servia's part come to us in the shape of descrip- 
tions of Servian victories, more or less highly 
coloured. Meanwhile, this harassing policy upon 
the part of Servia, though it was incapable of pene- 
trating deeply into the enemy's country, did cost 
the Austrians a great deal in men, and when I 
come at the end of this article to deal with the 
Austrian losses, it will be seen that the holding of 
the Servian border was very expensive. Still, 
upon the whole, the price being paid, the policy 
was successful. 
Sarajevo, for instance, the chief town of Bosnia 
and Herzegovina, is only forty miles from the 
nearest point of the frontier. It is not a week's 
march from any part of the Montenegrin and Ser- 
vian frontier, which lies round it, yet it was quietly 
used for the trial of the Crown Prince's assassins 
in the very height of the war and was never seri- 
ously threatened. 
About a month ago this simple and even obvious 
plan of concentrating the Austrian forces for one 
main effort in the north against Russia and 
merely liolding the Servian border on the south, 
was changed. The Austrians gathered great bodies 
7* 
