November 28, 1914. 
LAND AND WATER 
A TOPOGRAPHICAL GUIDE TO THE 
WAR ZONE. 
By E. CHARLES VIVIAN. 
Albert. — A small town on the direct line of rail from 
Amiens to Arras, about midway between the two cities, and 
in the department of Somme, north-eastern France. It is also 
on the Peronne-Boulogne line, and is a junction of B9m3 
importance. 
Armeatieres. — A flourishing town situated on the river 
Lys, nine miles north-west of Lille, in the department of 
Nord, France. As a frontier town, Armentierea has a long 
record of war and pillage, but it is a centre of considerable 
industry, being principally concerned with leather and cotton 
goods, the manufacture of cloth, and beetroot sugar refineries. 
Its population is about 17,000, and it is on the line of rail 
from Lille to Brussels and Belgian centres. 
Arras. — Chief town of the department of Pas-de-Calais, 
France, situated at tlie confluence of the river Scarpe with its 
tributary, the Crinchon, about thirty miles north-east of 
Amiens, and about hundred miles north-nortb-feast of Pari.?. 
Several handsome buildings, including the town h'ouse, dating 
from the sixteenth century, the cathedral, and the citadel, are 
of interest. The Scarpe is navigable from the town to the 
•ea, and Arras, with a population of about 30,000, is a centre 
of considerable military and manufacturing importance. 
Augustow or Augustovo. — A oity of Russian Poland 
in the government of Suwalki, situated on the river Netta. 
It is a centre of horse and cattle trading, and has considerable 
linen manufactures. The population is about 10,000, and 
the town is situated within a few miles of the point where 
the Polish western frontier bends from a north and south to 
an east and west direction. Several large lakes exist in the 
vicinity of the town, which is on the edge of a marshy, 
wooded district, and is on a line of railway connecting 
Grodno with Suwalki. 
Breslau. — Capital of the German Government of Silesia, 
and centre of one of the most important manufacturing 
distriots of the German Empire, is situated at the junction 
of the river Oder with its tributary, the Ohlau, and on the 
direct line of rail from Berlin to Vienna, about 190 miles 
south-east of Berlin. The population is about 120,000. 
Breslau has undergone many vicissitudes, and in the 
eighteenth and early nineteenth century it underwent sieges 
and captures at the hands of Austrians, Prussians under 
Frederick the Great, and French. H contains many fine 
specimens of mediaeval architecture, including a cathedral 
founded in the twelfth century, and the Rathhaus, a fine 
fourteenth-century building. Its manufactures are both 
varied and extensive, including iron-works of various kinds, 
gold and silver working, and cotton and paper goods. It was 
formerly a fortified oity, but the fortification^ were dismantled 
in 1813. 
Bruges. — A city of Belgium, capital of West Flanders, 
situated in a fertile plain intersected by the canals connecting 
with Ghent, Sluys, and Ostend. Bruges is about seven miles 
from the sea coast, twelve miles east of Ostend, and about 
sixty miles north-west of Brussels. Bruges is one of the 
oldest and most interesting towns of Belgium; its history 
dates back to the third century of the Christian era, and in 
the time of Charlemagne it was a town of 50,000 weavers, 
having always been closely connected with textile industries. 
In the ninth century it passed to the control of the counta 
of Flanders, who made it their residence, and raised it to a 
high position among the towns of western Europe. It reached 
the highest point of its prosperity in the fourteenth century 
when it passed to the Dukes of Burgundy, and it was here, in 
1430, that the Order of the Golden Fleece was instituted by 
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. At this time Bruges was 
the chief trading centre of the towns of the Hanseatio League, 
and its trade was world-wide. It was ruined by the Duke 
of Alva at the end of the sixteenth century, besieged in 1704 
by the Dutch, and captured in 1708 and again in 1745 by 
the French. At the present time it is a city of great archi- 
tectural magnificence, but of minor commercial importance. 
The belfry tower in the great square, immortalised by Ijong- 
fellow, is the most beautiful structure of its kind in Europe, 
and other fine buildings are the church of Notre Dame, the 
cathedral of St. Sauveur, the exchange, the court house, and 
the Hotel do Ville, in the niches of which were formerly statues 
of the old counts of Flanders, but these were destroyed by 
French revolutionaries at the end of the eighteenth century. 
Bruges of to-day is a oity of about 50,000 inhabitants, con- 
•nccted by rail and canal with all the principal Belgian centres, 
and with steadily reviving industries. 
Clermont. — A town an3 railway junction to the weirt 
of the department of Meuse, France, about mid-way between 
Ste. Menehould and Verdun, and on the line of rail connecting 
these two places. From Clexmont a line branches south to 
Bar-le-Duo. It is near the left bank of the river Aire, a 
tributary of the Aisne. 
Creil. — A French town in the arrondissement of Senlis 
department of Oise, about twenty-seven miles north- north-east 
of Paris, and twenty-two miles east-south-east of Beauvais. 
It is an important railway junction, with two lines branch- 
ing in the direction of Pairis, and others to Compiegno, 
Beauvais, and other points to the north, west, and east. The 
church of the town dates from the twelfth century, and som9 
interesting ruins in the neighboarhood date back to the time 
of Charles V. of France. The population of Creil is about 
9,500. 
Czeastochtowa or Czenstochova. — A small town 
of Russian Poland, in the government of Piotrkov, 130 miles 
south-west of Warsaw, and on the left bank of the river 
Warta. The popiilation is about 16,000, and the town ia 
situated on the direct line of rail between Warsaw and Gracow. 
Debitza. — A small town and railway junction in Austrian 
Galicia, about midway between Tarnow and Rzeszow, being 
situated on the line of rail connecting these two centres, with 
a branch running north from Debitza to Sandomier*. It is 
on the right bank of the river Wisloka, a tributary of the 
Vistula, and is about twenty miles distant from the Russian 
frontier. 
Drusskeniki. — A village of Russian Poland, situated 
on the right bank of the Niemen, about thirty miles norUi 
of Grodno. 
Ghent. — The capital of the Belgian province of East 
Flanders, situated thirty miles west-south-Vest of Antwerp, 
at the confluence of the Scheldt and Lys rivers. It is a, 
flourishing city of about 170,000 inhabitants, containing a 
number of fine buildings, among which may be mentioned the 
cathedral of St. Bavon, and the Hotel do ViUe. Ghent is con- 
nected with Terneuzen, on the Scheldt, by means of a canal, 
and is connected by rail with Antwerp, Brussels, and all 
Belgian and northern French centres. Textile industries and 
the cultivation of ornamental plants are the chief sources of 
commercial prosperity, cotton and linen spinning alone 
occupying about 20,000 workers. The port trade, by means 
of the canal, is considerable, over a thousand vessels clearing 
from Ghent annually. 
Grajewo or Grajevo. — A railway station and small 
town situated just on the Russian side of the frontier dividing 
Poland from East Prussia. It is on the line of rail from 
Lyck to Osowiecs. 
Grodno- — A town of Russian Poland, capital of a goivern- 
ment of the same name, is situated on the right bank of the 
river Niemen, on the Petrograd, Moscow, and Warsaw lines 
of rail. .Grodno has always been intimately connected with 
the history of Poland, and it was at this place that the Polish 
Diet, ratifying the second partition of Poland, was held in 
1793, while in 1795 King Stanislaus II. signed his abdication 
here. The town is about thirty miles east of the frontier 
dividing Poland from East Prussia, and has a population of 
about 26,000. Three " fairs " are held here annually, and 
Grodno ranks as one of the great trading centres of western 
Poland, being concerned mainly with the production of 
woollens, silks, and paper. 
Ivangorod. — An important town and railway junction 
fifty-six miles south-east of Warsaw, and about sixty miles 
north of Sandomierz, situated on the right bank of the 
Vistula. Four railways branch hence to Warsaw, Radom, 
Brest Litovski, and Lublin. Ivangorod is about fifty miles 
north of the frontier of Austrian Galioia. 
Jaroslav. — An important fortified town of Austrian 
Galicia, situated on the left bank of the River San, abou* 
twenty miles north and slightly west of Przemsyl. The main 
line of rail from Cracow divides here, one branch turning 
south to PrzcriTsyl, and the other running east and slightly 
north towards the Russian frontier. Jaroslav is a com- 
mercial centre of considerable importance in normal times. 
Kalisz. — A town in Russian Poland, situated just inside 
the frontier near the most westerly point of Poland, and about 
equi-distant from Breslau and Thorn. It is the chief town of 
a government of the same namCj and is situated on the banks 
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