LAND AND WATER 
November 28, 1914. 
of the Proena river, which" at {his point forms the frontier line 
between Poland and Prussia. Kalisz is 135 miles west of 
Warsaw, and is ono of the oldest and finest cities of Poland. 
The population is about 20,000, of wlTom nearly half are Jews. 
Kiclce.— The chief town of a government of Russian 
Poland, situated about fifty-five miles north-'east of Cracow, 
among the hills of tlio Lysa ^ora district. In old time Kielc© 
was famed for its copper mines, but these are no longer 
■worked. There is, however, a considerable iron-working 
industry, and sugar factories form another source of industry 
for the town. Its present population is about 10,000. It is 
about thirty miles distant from the Austrian and Gernian 
frontiers, and is connected with Wielce by rail. At Wielco 
the gauge changes from the Ru-ssian to the German width, 
and railways on the German gauge connect with Cracow, 
Brcslau, and other important centres. 
Kovno. — The capital of a government of the same name, 
is a town on the east bank of the river Niemcn, and is 
603 miles south-west of Pctrograd, on the main line of rail 
from Pctrograd to Berlin. It is about twenty miles within 
the frontier of Russian Poland, and, from its situation at 
tho confluence of the Niemen and its tributary, the Vilia, 
ccoupicS a position which gives it considerable importance. 
It was a fortified city as early as the twelfth century, and 
has been the centre of considerable tiade since the Middle 
Ages. Of its population of 35,000, nearly half are Jews 
engaged in various industries, and Kovno ranks as the centre 
of import and export trade for the governments of Vilna, 
Minsk, and Grodno, also handling a great part of the imports 
from and exports to Prussia in the west. The ecclesiastical 
architecture of Kovno is considered the most interesting of 
Poland. 
Krzeszow or Rzeszow. — A town and railway junction 
situated on a tributary of the River San, about twenty-five 
miles directly west of Jaroslav. The four railway lines which 
cross here run west and south-west to Tarnow and Cracow, as 
well as to Buda-Pesth and the principal cities of Hungary ; 
cast to Jaroslav and Przerasyl, and north to Rozwadow and 
tho Russian frontier. Krzeszow is an equally important town 
with Jaroslav, but is not so strongly fortified as the latter 
place. 
Luderitzbucht. — A port of German South-West Africa, 
situated 250 miles norlli of the frontier line between German 
territory and Cape Colony. Its chief interests are connected 
with the diamond trade, exports of tlieso stones amounting 
to upwards of a million sterling annually. 
Mariampol or Marianopol. — A town in the north of 
the Government of Suwalki, in Russian Poland, situated 
about fifty miles north of the town of Suwalki, and about 
twenty miles from the East Prussian frontier. It is on the 
line of rail from Konigsberg to Vilna. 
Montfaucon. — A town to the east of the Argonne Forest, 
in the north-west of the French Department of Meuse. It 
is about five miles west of the line of rail from Mezieres to 
Verdun. 
Noyon. — An important railway junction in the depart- 
ment of Oise, France, situated on the right bank of the river 
Oise, and .connected directly by rail with Lacn, Beauvais, 
Paris, Amiens, and other principal centres. 
Osowiecs or Ossowiecz. — A fortified post of Russian 
Poland, aboifE ten miles distant from the Ea&t Prussian 
frontier, on the line of rail from Lyck to Lemberg, and on the 
left bank of tho river Bobr. It is a place of little normal 
importance. 
Petrokow or Petrokov. — A town in the west of 
Russian Poland^ situated about midway between Kielce and 
Kalisz. It is a centre of considerable importance, and is on 
the main lino of rail from Warsaw to Czenstochtowa, and about 
forty-five miles distant from the German frontier. 
Revigny. — A village south and slightly west of the 
Argonne Forc6.t, to the south of the department of Mouse, 
eastern France. 
Rousbrugge. — A town and railway station in the province 
of East Flanders, and thirteen miles south of the coast line, 
on the Franco-Belgian frontier. It is on the Dunkerqne- 
Poperinghe line of rail, which is crossed at this point by the 
main road from Hazebrouck to Furncs. 
Royc. — As a town Roye has ceased to exist owing to the 
many bombardments and attacks to which it has been sub- 
jected durnig the present campaign. Its situation is in the 
south-cast of the department of Somme, on the line of rail 
from Peronne to Compiegne, with a line branching west to 
Montdidier. It is about twenty miles south of Peronne. 
Ste. Mcnehould. — An important railway junction in 
the department of Marne, eastern France. Tho lines from 
Rhcims and Paris to Verdun and Metz, and those from 
Mezieres to Bar-le-Duc and Besan(;on, cross here. Ste. 
Menehould is situated on the upper Aisne, and on the western 
edge of the Argonne Forest. 
Sambor. — Situated on tJie left bank of the River Dneistcr 
is a minor fortified poet of Austrian Galicia. It is an 
important railway centre, being the junction of the Lemberg- 
Buda-1'esth and Stryj-Cracow lines. It is about twenty miles 
south-east of Przcm.syl, with which it is connected by rail. 
Sandomir or Sandomierz. — A small town on the left 
bank of tho River Vistula, on the Russian side of the Trontier 
between Russia and Austrian Galicia. A short railway 
branches from the Tarnow-Rozwadow line, running to the 
frontier at Sandomir, v/hich owes its importance in normal 
times to the fact of its being a customs btatiou on the 
frontier. 
Siniava. — A town of Austrian Galicia, situated on tlio 
right Cank of tho River San, about fourteen miles north-west 
of Jaroslav. It is a minor fortified j)ost, and is a junction 
for several high roads. It is about eight miles south of the 
Russian frontier. 
Stopnifza or Stopnica. — A small town of Russian 
Poland, situated about ten miles north of the frontier dividing 
Poland from Austrian Galicia, on the main road from Opatow 
to Tarnow. It is about forty miles south-^west of Sandomierz, 
and about fifty miles south of Kielce. 
Suwaiki. — Capital of a Russian government of tJio same 
name, in Russian Poland, about fourteen miles east of tlio East 
Prussian frontier, and on the line of rail from Augustovo to 
Vilna. It is a well-built town, and has the reputation of being 
one cf the best kept places of Russian Poland. The popula- 
tion is about 30,000, and tlie industries are chiefly concerned 
with timber and grain, though woollen and other manufac- 
tures absorb the energies of a part of the populace. 
Tarnow. — The chief town of a government district in 
Austrian Galicia, situated at the confluence of the rivers Biala 
and Dunajac, forty-six miles west of Lemberg, on the main 
line from Lemljerg to Cracow. At Tarnow a line of rail 
branches south to Kaschau and tlie principal oent.rcf; of 
Austria-Hungary. The population of Tarnow is about 3.', 000, 
nearly all Polos, and the principal intlustries are the manufac- 
ture of agricultural implements, and textile trades. In normal 
times a garrison of about 3,000 men is maintained here. 
Tarnow is about twenty miles south of the Vistula, which 
forms tjie Russian frontier. 
Tsing-Tao. - The naval port of tlie Gernian territory of 
Kiao-Cliau, leased for a period of ninety-nine years from the 
('liinese Government. Since occupation of tlic port by the 
Germans the naval defences have been strengthened and 
thoroughly modernised. Tlie port and territory under Ger- 
man control are situated to the north-east of the Chinese coast. 
Varcnaes. - A village in the Argonne Forest, on the 
right bank of the river Aire, a tributary of the Aisne. and 
ill the extreme west of the department of Meuse, eastern 
France. It is about fifteen miles west-north-west of Verdun, 
and ten miles north and slightly cast of Ste. Menehould. 
Warsaw. — The capital of Russian Poland, situated on 
the left bank of the Vistula, 700 miles from Pctrograd and 
about 400 miles from Berlin. Five railways radiate from 
Warsaw to Pctrograd, Dantzie, Moscow, KicfE, and sou'h-'west 
Russia, Berlin, and Vienna. The present population is 
upwards of 650, .000, about one-third of whom are Jews, while 
there is also a considerable German element. Warsaw has 
ranked as a centre of learning for centuries, and is a great 
educational centre at the present tiiiie. Iron and steel works, 
silver working, boots and shoes, leather goods, and commerce 
in corn, timber, and general agricultural produce, absorb the 
energies of about 50,000 artisans. Warsaw is considered the 
chief stronghold of western Poland, and has in normal times a 
garrison of alx>ut 35,000 men. In matters literary, musical, 
and dramatic, it is the headquarters of all Poland and western 
Russia. The town is well and spaciously planned, and its 
squares and public buildings make it one of the most attrac- 
tive of European cities. 
Wolbrom. — A station in Russian Poland en the Kielce- 
Beiiazin lino of rail. It is about twelve miles from the Austrian 
frontier anil about ten miles from Oluschk. 
Messrs. Frank and Cr.cii, P.^lmf.r have ju^t published a email book 
from tho pen. ot Mr. Fred T. Jano which will bo of exception.il interest 
to oar rea-d«r3. It is entitled " Your Navy as a Fighting Machine." 
la simple language the book explains the dutiea of the various units 
which comprise a Navy, a personnel of tho officers and men, and an 
interesting chapter on that famous br.anch of tho Service — the Royal 
Marii>€S. .Simple diagrams illustrate tho m.anner in which a Fleet goes 
into action, whilst net the least interesting portion is a, glossary ol 
naval termg. The book is published at Is. net. 
Messrs. Thomas Nelson and Sons are publishing a series, entitled 
"Nelson's Portfolio of War Pictures." Th'^y arc published in narta 
at 7<1. each. Tlie portfolio is excellently got np, and we have seldom 
teen photographs better reproduced. 
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