December 12, 1914. 
LAND AND WATER 
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At any rate, whatever be the reasons for the 
tracing of so small a perimeter, here is the scheme 
of the Cracow fortifications. You have first of all 
on the south of the River Vistula two heights — 
245-metre hill and 276-metre hill — with their 
forts. The former is called after the neighbour- 
ing suburb of Ludwinow, the latter by the name 
of the height on which it stands — Krakus. Next, 
coming round by the east, you have upon one of 
a number of rough summits of open land compar- 
able to Hampstead Heath ana Highgate, and 
about as high, the big fort of Koskiusco Hill ; it 
answers Ludv/ia&w Fort at a close rafige of not 
much more than 2,000 yards; and I shall return 
to it presently in connection with the modern de- 
velopment of siege work. 
Koskiusco is 335 metres, or more than 1,000 
feet above the Vistula (which runs here at about 200 
metres, or 650 feet above the sea). Next, to the 
north, over the broad depression oif the brook 
Rudawa (it is hardly a river) you have Lobzow 
a fort not more than 100 feet .above the water and 
quite dominated by Koskiusco at a range of only 
3,000 yards. 
The northern sector is curiously open for so 
small a perimeter. It is probable that the tem- 
porary works, of which I shall speak shortly, have 
been begun here. At any rate on the eastern side 
of the gap you have two twin works in the neigh- 
bourhood of the village of Rakowice standing not 
high above the level of the Vistula, but with 
a great deal of dead ground about them, because 
they are far from the river valley and the land 
about their bases is tumbled and of no definite con- 
figuration. Indeed, that is why you have here 
two works: because there is no one conspicuous 
dominating point, and only by erecting two forts 
can you even imperfectly command the confused 
country around. The eastern sector represents 
an even wider gap, a range of over 6,000 yards 
from the works near Rakowice or Rodowice to the 
works near the village of Duzy ; all that bit of coun- 
try is flat. And Duzy itself is not at all conspicuous 
from the river, above which it lies ojjly a few feet. 
J* 
