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Pan-German, and offended alike the orthodox in religion 
and in art. 
Indeed, it was only when he was " misunderstood " that 
from being the object of attack he became in his turn a new 
idol of the German people. Inevitably, he became much 
talked about ; and the young scholars brought up under 
the Treitschkean regime began to see points of contact 
between him and their master. How obvious was the parallel 
between Nietzsche's super-man and Treitschke's ideal 
ruler ! The one was to be a " free spirit," free from all 
obligations which he had not imposed upon himself. He 
was the aristocrat, conscious of his own strength and 
vision and courage. He was not to be bound by the meaner 
virtues which slaves had created for their own protection. 
Gratitude for favours conferred, pity for weaklings, sympathy 
with degenerates — all of these " moral " qualities Nietzsche, 
the immoralist, scorned as marks of subjection to habit, 
indolence, and the survival of slavishness. The philosophy 
of Nietzsche seemed to young Germany the acceptable 
philosophy of ruthlessness, egotism, and the right of the 
strongest. 
No doubt Nietzsche was more talked about than read. 
The best antidote to this misconception of him is to read his 
works, which have been admirably translated in Dr. Oscar 
Levy's edition, and also an extraordinarily attractive book 
recently published : — 
" The Lonely Nietzsche." By Frau Forster Nietzsche. 
Translated by Paul V. Cohn. Illustrated. (Heinemann.) 
15s. net. 
The author is Nietzsche's sister. She does not pretend to 
share his views or to be especially qualified to expound them. 
She was a clever woman of much good sense and tact who 
was always on confidential terms with her brother. This 
volume opens in the year 1876, and covers all his most 
important productive period, and brings us down to his death 
in 1896. There is no irrelevant domestic gossip ; no tittle- 
tattle about a great man. It is a sympathetic biography in 
which the author describes the conditions under which her 
brother worked, and lets him speak for himself through 
scraps of conversation, letters, and his books. 
There is nothing in his life to bear out the popular view 
of him as a morose, irritable man, and a misanthrope. On the 
contrary, he could enter with all his heart into the deeper and 
the lighter sides of friendship. His breach with Wagner 
affected him piofoundly and made him ill. In Wagner he 
thought he had found his " ideal " of a man — his " goal " — 
and when he discovered his " staginess," his " histrionic self- 
deception," his rel gious insincerity, he exposed rather than 
concealed his sense of loss in the words : " Do thou go east, 
and I will go west." Even when strangers intruded into his 
periods of solitude they found him courteous. " Nothing," 
he said, " can compensate me for having forfeited Wagner's 
sympathy during the last few years Even now, my 
whole philosophy is shaken after an hour's sympathetic 
conversation with some entire stranger." 
His " superman " was not a man deprived of the natural 
affections ; his " immoralist " was not a man really relieved 
from moral obligations. What he denounced was the 
morality of ease and habit. His own life was one of strenuous 
labour and sacrifice, a perpetual struggle against ill-health, 
and the sacrifice of every impulse which did not lead him 
towards his goal. In his view the " moral " obligations were 
too paltry to be considered in comparison with the conflict 
within a man to attain his own God. " If you give rein to 
all your meaner qualities," he wrote to Fraulein Salome. 
" who can go on associating with you ? " " Heroism involves 
self-sacrifice and duty — and that daily and hourly." His 
ideal was that of a " spirit which plays naively ; that is io 
say, spontaneously and from a sense of overflowing abundance 
of power" — his supermen were "argonauts of the ideal," 
seeking their " highest expression," and questioning them- 
selves before each action : " Is it such that I want to perform 
it time and time again ? " How different is this " will to 
power " of Nietzsche from the gross ideal of physical strengtli 
which is set up by Treitschke, the " blond beast " which 
the former feared would be confused with his superman ! 
" My foes have become mighty and have distorted my 
teaching," he complained. " The coarse grained," as his 
biographer writes, " have turned the image of the superman 
into a devil's grinning face." 
It is enough now to notice that his sister, in this admirable 
biography, has shown us Nietzsche more fully, and has 
proved how distorted is that German interpretation which 
finds in him the counterpart of Treitschke. " The rulers 
there (in Germany) are men of heavy, artificial souls 
And it was among them that I spent my whole youth ! " 
340 
