April 3, 1915. 
LAND AND SViATEB, 
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on the 22nd March, seems to have been somewhat 
as follows. The Russians held the whole of the 
ridge over a line of about ten miles from E to F. 
From about F their line bent outwards on to the 
southern slope of the Carpathians so that they 
securely held the low and broad Dukla Pass, and 
it would seem that the line did not reach the 
crest again till somewhere about the point G; so 
that the salient on to the Hungarian side of the 
mountains, the grip upon the passage of the crest, 
represented nearly twenty miles. The telegrams 
are too meagre to make quite certain upon this 
point, but I deduce from the news of the fortnight 
before the fall of the fortress that the Jaliska road 
was commanded just beyond the summit. Beyond 
G the line ran to some such point as H, with Bali- 
grod either just within or just without the limits 
of the Russian occupation. At any rate, it is quite 
certain that both the summits of the railway and 
of the road on the Lupkow Pass were still in 
Austrian hands last Friday. 
After the fall of Przemysl, a week ago, this 
Baligrod-Bartfeld front was immediately rein- 
forced, and the effect of this pressure was im- 
mediately felt. The Austrian retirement began 
'down the slope towards the Hungarian plain. 
Heights dominating the Lupkow Pass on the ridge 
were carried by the Russians. We have not yet 
got any sufficient accounts to justify our saying 
that the Russians command the road and the 
railway itself, where they cross the ridge of the 
Lupkow Pass, but we can safely put the Russian 
line upon last Friday, the 26th, the third day after 
the entry of the Russian troops into Przemysl, at 
the new front indicated by the dots K, K, K upon 
the sketch just given. .We know that the Austnans 
have evacuated the point of Zboro, that the 
Russians are just above Mesolaborcz, and that they 
are forcing the positions in the immediate neigh- 
bourhood of the places where the road and the rail- 
way from Sanok to Mesolaborcz cross the ridge 
close to the village of Lupkow. 
It is perfectly clear that the whole Russian 
effort is directed towards the piercing of this 
" waist " of the Carpathians, and the occupation 
of aU the roads leading down on to the Hungarian 
plain upon a belt of some fifty miles. What wa 
have to watch in the next few days is the progress 
our allies may make in this effort. 
It is worth noting in this connection that the 
concentration upon the Bartf eld-Bali grod sector 
leaves deliberately neglected for the moment tha 
next railway pass across the mountains, the L^zok, 
and I would beg my readers' attention to somo 
digression upon this momentary neglect of tha 
Uzok, because it is important to the strategy of 
this move. 
We all know that a modem army is dependenfi 
upon the railway. Now the Russians, making this 
effort across the Bartf eld-Bali grod front alone, 
will, even if they are successful in reaching, with a 
short delay, the plain upon the further side, 
depend upon only one line of railway, that crossing 
the Lupkow Pass. 
It may be that as further reinforcements come 
through the now liberated Galician railway] 
system, an attack will be made upon the Uzok 
simultaneously with the attack upon the Lupkow. 
The two lines stand one to the other in the 
fashion shown upon the accompanying elementary 
sketch (E). The three road passes, Polianka, Dukla, 
and Jaliska (marked (1), (2), (3) upon the sketch), 
are succeeded next in order by the road pass (4), 
and the railway pass (4a), which go by the common 
name of LupKow. At a distance beyond tha 
Lupkow of somo forty-five miles, another morq 
»* 
