April 10, 1915. 
LAND AND 5V: A T E R. 
THE WAR BY LAND. 
By HILAIRE BELLOC. 
NOTE.— This article Ills been submitied to the Press Bureau, which does not object to the publicatioa M ceocored. aad Ukn M 
responsibility for the correctness of the statements. 
lu accordance with the requirements ol the Press Bureau, the positions of troops on Plans illustrating this Artlcl« mast only hi 
rcfjarded as approximate, and no deBuite strength at any point is indicated. 
\C3\ Larger Termanent Works 
r~l SmallsrTermanent Works. 
O Temporary Works ^, 
<■'-••.'•—• Contoiu' Lines . 
Tlailwayfy Gallclan Thifsum Army^ 
inthe West and Cracow /ront' 
$6 ^7 6^^' 9'^I0 
"Karnes of WOOycb. uptolO.OOOyds. 
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L^<>00 ^ 
■•■."■) 1000 •".•." "'v-'s '"''-•' l'"'"''':- '} 
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•>" Popowici j 
I 
THE DETAILS OF PRZEMYSL. 
WE are now in a position, through the 
Russian Press, to grasp clearly 
enough the nature of the defence of 
Przemysl. It will be remembered how 
at the time of the surrender all details were lack- 
ing, and it was impossible to do more than con- 
jecture the most important points. Yet an under- 
standing of Przemysl was exceedingly important 
to a general understanding of the campaign, 
because the controversy upon the change in modern 
strategy had mainly* turned upon the role of 
permanent fortification in modern war and 
because later phases of the war must, whatever 
happens, put that debated question again to the 
test. 
Of course the greater part of the study of such 
a case as that of Przemysl can only be accom- 
plished upon the ground, and in the accounts 
received there are many puzzles, which only a 
knowledge of the ground could solve. Still,' we 
know enough now to be able to draw certaiu con- 
clusions, and, further, to be able to understand the 
nature of the operations. 
I have given upon the accompanying sketch 
map the main features of the ground. 
The town of Przemysl stands at the point 
where the River San leaves the foothills of the 
Carpathians and enters the Galician plain. It is. 
therefore — ^more than most fortresses — a real 
door. So long as it is held, the main avenue 
across the Carpathians is closed. The trunk 
railway, which feeds all armies operating in 
Galicia and runs from the Russian frontier 
to Lemberg and Cracow, is deliberately benti 
