April 10, 1915. 
LAND AND WATER. 
Ihey entered the city. The point B is amply pro- 
tected by the ring of forts, and to destroy the 
bridge there, so as to cut the road and the railway 
communication from Lemberg, the chief sources 
of supply, has had no effect (considering that 
the fortress capitulated intact) save to hamper the 
revictualling of the place rather cruelly. 
There are other small points in connection 
with the system, one of the most curious of which 
I have marked with the letter 0. The trenches 
here did not follow the natural obstacle of the 
river, but ran inside it, just enclosing the parade 
ground. And still more remarkable is the care, 
already alluded to, which has been taken to guard 
in a special manner all the south-eastern approach 
in the neighbourhood of Siedliska and Popowice. 
One would naturally expect that the most vulner- 
able sector would be the north-east one ; but there 
is doubtless some local reason for making the 
defence especially anxious for this sector defended 
by forts five and six. 
THE CARPATHIAN BATTLE. 
The news of direct and recent action this 
week is verv scanty. The most important part of 
it is from tne Carpathians. 
It is annoying that a series of great actions 
upon which will, perhaps, depend a great change 
in the whole war, and the theatre of which is the 
Carpathian Range, should be so meagrely reported 
in the West. The great war is one co-ordinated 
operation, and the lack of full accounts of any 
decisive part of it makes it impossible to judge 
the condition of the whole. 
From such information as we have, however, 
it is possible to construct some idea of the Rus- 
sian advance, its rate of progress, and its critical 
points. 
In the accompanying map we have all the 
{)oints marked which have been mentioned in the 
ast few dispatches, and from them we can dis- 
cover pretty accurately how the Russian line lies. 
The point is, of course, to establish its relation to 
the main ridge of the Carpathian Mountains, 
which ridge is as it were the wall still defending 
the Hungarian plain. That part of the ridg^ 
upon which the Russian effort is now being so 
weightily directed is called the Beskid Mountains, 
and the front of the Russian Army last Saturday 
would seem along this stretch to be as indicated by 
crosses as follows. 
In the neighbourhood of the Dukla all the 
three road passes, the Polyanka, the Dukla itself, 
and the Jaliska, are in the hands of the Russians, 
but the position there would seem to be almost 
stationary. The foremost Russian line on the 
Hungarian slope bej'ond the ridge is much 
what we saw it was last week. The Austrian 
references to fighting near the railway at A, in the 
upper valley of the Laborcz, establishes a point 
there, but I think it is doubtful whether the road 
over the Lupkow Pass, cutting off the bend of the 
railway, is already in Russian hands. The railway 
at its summit certainly is not, for we are told that 
the Russians have taken the point B, the last 
station before the summit upon the Galician slope. 
Thence the line goes round in front of the high 
moutain village of Wola Michowa, and more or 
less follows, for the next twenty miles, the Polo- 
nina heights. 
These heiglits are a wooded ridge parallel to 
and only just lower than the main ridge and water- 
shed of the mountains which stands facing them 
over a deep valley to the south. The Russians in 
the last telegram received, which relates to Easter 
Sunday, report that they have actually got across 
the main ridge also at one point just east of the 
Rustok Pass. The situation here can best be 
understood by a reference to the following sketch : 
Between the Polonina Range (which is less abrupt 
on its northern or Galician side) and the Main 
Ridge in the Valley of Boreky, a profound ravine, 
some two thosand feet deep, into which the wooded 
Polonina crest falls very steeply and out of which 
the main range rises on the further side. All this 
valley and the district as far as Cisna has been 
abandoned by the Austrians, and just beyond 
Cisna the main range has been crossed, and the 
Russian outposts are on the further, or 
Hungarian, southern slope upon the steep foreslj 
buttresses of the main range, called the Smolnik 
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