LAND AND SV'ATER 
April 24. 1915. 
fcrected in memory of tliis arrival of the Hun- 
garian nation to its present scat stands upon the 
plateau of Munkacs its6lf. But tliere is another 
tradition which gives the name to tlie next pass, 
the Jablonitza, and this is the one followed m the 
map issued by Messrs. Dobson and Molle under 
my name. ~ 
In the examination of this part of the Uar- 
the mouth of whiuli is Sambo (Sam); the two (d 
tlie junction of which is Sanok, and, further on, 
that of Dukla and that of Jaslo. 
But while the valleys on the Galician side 
thus follow a normal course and come down 
parallel one to the other from the crest of the 
mountains, those on tlie Hungarian side all 
" bunch," as I have described, into one compara- 
V, 
J^ 
BortfUlcL 
'^UT^Cf^ 
pathians as a strategic field, even more important 
than their gradual rise and broadening to the 
south and east, and the increasing rarity of com- 
munications in the same direction, is the orienta- 
tion of the valleys. It so happens that the Car- 
pathians not only bend gently outward towards 
Sthe east— a fact that would, in any case, make the 
passes over them tend to converge from the east 
towards the west — but also have a system of water- 
courses upon the western or Hungarian side which 
converges the valleys very rapidly on to the Hun- 
garian plain. 
It is exceedingly important to note this,, 
because upon it will depend the whole plan of the 
[Russian invasion if the war turns in its next 
development into a pressing of the Russians into 
Hungary. The valleys on tne Hungarian side all 
lead down to the main stream of the Theiss, and 
bunch together in the most rapid fashion upon a 
ehort sector, which I have indicated on the sketch 
map by the line A B. The crest of the Car- 
pathians, running roughly as does the dotted line, 
is upon the eastern side marked by a number of 
Sateral valleys, leading down normally enough to 
the Galician plain. As, for instance, that at the 
mouth of which is Stanislau (S), the two at the 
mouth of which are Czernowitz (C), that of the 
Pruth, at the mouth of which is Kolomea (K), 
that at the mouth of which is Stryj (Str), that of 
tively small space, and the strategic effects of such 
an arrangement are considerable. The railways 
follow the valleys, and so do the roads. SzoUos 
(1), Munkacs (2), Ungvar (3), Homonna (4), the 
towns at the valley mouths on the Hungarian side, 
stand upon a line only eighty miles in length. The 
corresponding towns upon the Galician side 
stand upon a line three times as long. 
The effect of this is that a successful advance 
from Galicia into Hungary will, if it is pressed 
home upon the left or west of the line, decide the 
fate of the eastern end of the line. 
Supposing, for instance, that the Russian 
advance from the left in the above sketch map 
got as far as the shaded bar C — D, the invaders 
v/ould then be in possession of all the issues into 
the Hungarian plain. They might hold not forty 
miles of front and yet be cutting all the lines of 
retreat for all the enemy forces on the crest of the 
mountains and beyond them from the Uzok right 
up to the Roumanian frontier. 
Put all this together, and the lesson is plain. 
Of two things, one, either the Russians intend to 
make the Carpathian front the chief seat of their 
activity during the next few weeks, or they are 
only clearing out the pressure upon them in this 
retreat and intend their main effort to be made 
across the Dunajec and on towards Cracow. 
In the second case the conformation of the 
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