LAND AND iKATER. 
May 8, 1915. 
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eastern side of the valley, and already in the foot- 
hills of the Carpathians) and went on up into the 
higher hills between Grybow and Gorlice, and 
then crossed the crest of the Carpathians about 
half-way between the towns of Gorlice and Bart- 
feld. It held the whole belt south of the crest of 
the Carpathians within the mountains them- 
selves, as we know : the three road Pass of Poly- 
anka, of the Dukla Pass and of the Jasliska, and 
the railway and road Pass of Lupkow, after 
which point it held a very narrow belt of the 
southern slope and, a few miles further on, no 
longer held the ridge of the Carpathians, failing 
as yet to master the Uzog. Now, the protect- 
ing front between the point B and the point F, 
where the Dunajec falls into the Vistula, the 
iWestern Russian line, based upon the Dunajec and 
the Biala, has apparently been attacked at various 
points upon its whole length; most seriously at 
Ciezkowice, and elsewhere below Tarnow and on 
the lower Dunajec. The communications with the 
Carpathian pass, which the Russians still hold, 
are only one long day's marching behind this pro- 
tecting screen of the western wing; and if that 
wing cannot be re-established quickly it is obvious 
that the positions between the point B on the 
accompanying sketch and the Lupkow Pass will 
become impossiblo. 
The actual position on which the enemy claims 
(in the Austrian communique, at least) to have 
struck his chief blow is, as we have seen, that which 
defended the town of Ciezkowice. This town is 
upon the Biala, just in the foothills of the Car- 
pathians where the hills have summits from three 
to four hundred feet above the level of the water. It 
is not difficult country, nor is it a point lending it- 
self in any particular way to the attack. If the 
Russian line broke there (which is still doubtful), 
it was merely a break in one place out of many 
that might have gone under the strain. The real 
interest will be here, as everywhere else on the 
line, to know how far back the Russians fell. 
Gorlice (see plan Cl on next page) is about 10 
miles to the south-east, and the positions behind 
the passes — the points from which retreat 
through the passes could be cut off — rather more 
than 20 and less than 30 miles in the same 
direction. 
With this said, we are unfortunately com- 
pelled to close our analysis midway, because we 
have for the moment no further material. We 
do not know whether the blow struck is a final 
one — that is, whether it has produced an irre- 
trievable effect and pushed the Russians right 
back, or whether the whole position may be re- 
stored by the arrival of Russian reinforcements. 
A* 
